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Handout 5
Glossary of Terms
Benzoylindoles, any compound containing a 3-(benzoyl)indole structure with substitution at the
nitrogen atom of the indole ring by a alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl or 2-(4morpholinyl)ethyl group, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent and
whether or not substituted in the phenyl ring to any extent. (http://www.ncsl.org/?TabId=22431).
Cannabicyclohexanol (CP 47,497 dimethyloctyl homologue, (C8)-CP 47,497) is a cannabinoid
receptor agonist drug, developed by Pfizer in 1979. On the 19th of January 2009, the University of
Freiburg in Germany announced that an analog of CP 47,497 was the main active ingredient in the
herbal “incense” product Spice, specifically the 1,1-dimethyloctyl homologue of CP 47,497, which is
now known as cannabicyclohexanol. The 1,1-dimethyloctyl homologue of CP 47,497 is in fact several
times more potent than the parent compound, which is somewhat unexpected as the 1,1dimethylheptyl is the most potent substituent in classical cannabinoid compounds such as HU-210.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page).
CB1 / CB2 Receptors are Cannabis-based molecules found on the surfaces of brain cells, that
enable these cells to communicate with neurotransmitters, hormones, and other messenger
molecules. (http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000161#CB12).
Conjunctival Injection, reddening of the eyes due to increased prominence of the conjunctival blood
vessel and dilation of the scleral vessels, (Hepler et al., 1971; Kiplinger, et al., 1971) is another highly
consistent occurrence (Mendelson et al., 1972, Allentuck and Bowman, 1942; Ames, 1958; Hollister,
et al., 1968; Isbell et al., 1967; Manno et al., 1970; Waskow et al., 1979; Weil et al., 1968) produced
by orally ingested and smoked al., 1968). This finding is produced by orally ingested and smoked
marihuana (or THC). And thus the effect must be a direct drug effect and not caused by irritation from
smoke (Perez-Reyes and Lipton, 1971). Kiplinger et al. (1971) noted that this finding was doserelated although it develops slowly reaching a maximum about one hour after smoking.
(http://www.druglibrary.org/Schaffer/LIBRARY/studies/nc/nc1e.htm).
CP 47,497 is a cannabinoid receptor agonist drug, developed by Pfizer in the 1980s. It has analgesic
effects and is used in scientific research. It is a potent CB1 agonist with a Kd of 2.1nM.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page).
Cyclohexylphenols, any compound containing a 2-(3-hydroxycyclohexyl)phenol structure with
substitution at the 5-position of the phenolic ring by a alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl,
cycloalkylethyl or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl group, whether or not substituted in the cyclohexyl ring to any
extent.
HF 57 is a bill relating to public safety; establishing the crimes of sale or possession of synthetic
cannabinoids; including a person under the influence of a synthetic cannabinoid for a driving while
impaired crime; providing for a penalty; amending Minnesota Statutes 2010, sections 152.027, by
adding a subdivision; 169A.20, subdivisions 1, 1a, 1b, 1c.
(https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bin/getbill.php?number=HF0057&session=ls87&version=list&session_nu
mber=0&session_year=2011).
Continued
HU-210 is a synthetic cannabinoid that was first synthesized in 1988 from (1R,5S)-Myrtenol by the
group led by Professor Raphael Mechoulam at the Hebrew University. HU-210 is 100 to 800 times
more potent than natural THC from cannabis and has an extended duration of action. HU-210 is the
(–)-1,1-dimethylheptyl analog of 11-hydroxy- Δ8- tetrahydrocannabinol, in some references it is called
1,1-dimethylheptyl- 11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol. The abbreviation HU stands for Hebrew
University. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page).
The (+) enantiomer of HU-210 has almost all of the cannabinoid activity, with the (-) enantiomer HU211 being inactive as a cannabinoid but instead acts as an NMDA antagonist having neuroprotective
effects. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page).
JWH-018 (1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole) or AM-678 is an analgesic chemical from the
naphthoylindole family, which acts as a full agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors,
with some selectivity for CB2. It produces effects in animals similar to those of THC, a cannabinoid
naturally present in cannabis, leading to its use in synthetic cannabis.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page).
JWH-073 [1-butyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole] is an analgesic chemical from the naphthoylindole family,
which acts as a partial agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. It is somewhat
selective for the CB2 subtype, with affinity at this subtype approximately 5x the affinity at CB 1. The
abbreviation JWH stands for John W. Huffman, one of the inventors of the compound.
On 20 April 2009, JWH-073 was claimed by researchers at the University of Freiburg to have been
found in a “fertiliser” product called “Forest Humus”, along with another synthetic cannabinoid (C8)CP 47,497. These claims were confirmed in July 2009 when tests of Spice product, seized after the
legal ban on JWH-018 had gone into effect in Germany, were shown to contain the unregulated
compound JWH-073 instead.
JWH-073 has been shown to produce behavioral effects very similar to Δ9-THC in animals.
Its effects are produced by binding and acting as an agonist to the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid
receptors. The CB1 receptor is found in the brain. JWH-073 bind to CB1 with a higher affinity than
THC, suggesting that taking more too soon after the initial dose could lead to diminished effects. CB 2
is found outside the brain, mostly in the immune system. The binding with CB 2 receptors has been
shown to be similar between JWH-073 and THC. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page).
A search in the literature yielded no published studies of the effects of JWH-073 in humans, but these
studies in animals suggest with high probability that JWH-073 produces effects very similar to those
of THC in humans. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page).
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Continued
JWH-200 (WIN 55,225) [1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole] is an analgesic
chemical from the aminoalkylindole family, which acts as a cannabinoid receptor agonist. Its binding
affinity at the CB1 receptor is 42nM, around the same as that of THC, but interestingly, its analgesic
potency in vivo was higher than that of other analogues with stronger CB1 binding affinity in vitro,
around 3 times that of THC but with less sedative effect, most likely reflecting favourable
pharmacokinetic characteristics. It was discovered by, and named after, Dr. John W. Huffman. This
Drug is legal and not controlled in Canada (up to date to May 14, 2010).
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page).
JWH-250 or (1-pentyl-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole) is an analgesic chemical from the
phenylacetylindole family, which acts as a cannabinoid agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 receptors,
with a Ki of 11nM at CB1 and 33nM at CB2. Unlike many of the older JWH series compounds, this
compound does not have a naphthalene ring, instead occupying this position with a 2’-methoxyphenylacetyl group, making JWH-250 a representative member of a new class of cannabinoid
ligands. Other 2’-substituted analogues such as the methyl, chloro and bromo compounds are also
active and somewhat more potent.
JWH-250 was discovered by, and named after the researcher Dr. John W. Huffman. He created
JWH-250 and a number of other compounds to research the structure and function of the
endocannabinoid system of mammals. Samples of JWH-250 were first identified in May 2009 by the
German Federal Criminal Police, as an ingredient in new generation “herbal smoking blends“ which
had been released since the banning of the original ingredients (C8)-CP 47,497 and JWH-018.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page).
JWH-081 [1-pentyl-3-[1-(4-methoxy)naphthoyl]indole] is an analgesic chemical from the
naphthoylindole family, which acts as a cannabinoid agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 receptors. With
a Ki of 1.2nM it is fairly selective for the CB1 subtype, its affinity at this subtype approximately 10x the
affinity at CB2. It was discovered and named after Dr. John W. Huffman.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page).
Naphthoylindoles, any compound containing a 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole structure with substitution at
the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by a alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl or
2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl group, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent and
whether or not substituted in the naphthyl ring to any extent. (http://www.ncsl.org/?TabId=22431).
Naphthylmethylindoles, any compound containing a H-indol-3-yl-(1-naphthyl)methane structure with
substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by a alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl,
cycloalkylethyl or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl group, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to
any extent and whether or not substituted in the naphthyl ring to any extent.
(http://www.ncsl.org/?TabId=22431).
Naphthoylpyrroles, any compound containing a 3-(1-naphthoyl)pyrrole structure with substitution at
the nitrogen atom of the pyrrole ring by aalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl or
2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl group, whether or not further substituted in the pyrrole ring to any extent and
whether or not substituted in the naphthyl ring to any extent. (http://www.ncsl.org/?TabId=22431).
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Continued
Naphthylideneindenes, any compound containing a naphthylideneindene structure with substitution
at the 3-position of the indene ring by a alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl or 2(4-morpholinyl)ethyl group, whether or not further substituted in the indene ring to any extent and
whether or not substituted in the naphthyl ring to any extent. (http://www.ncsl.org/?TabId=22431).
Phenylacetylindoles, any compound containing a 3-phenylacetylindole structure with substitution at
the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by a alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl or
2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl group, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent and
whether or not substituted in the phenyl ring to any extent. (http://www.ncsl.org/?TabId=22431).
S.F. No. 7 (as introduced - 87th Legislative Session (2011-2012) [11-0494])
AS.F.57 A bill for an act relating to public safety; adding synthetic marijuana to the list of Schedule I
controlled substances; prescribing criminal penalties; amending Minnesota Statutes 2010, section
152.02, subdivision 2. (https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bin/bldbill.php?bill=S0007.0.html&session=ls87).
Tetrahydrocannabinols meaning tetrahydrocannabinols naturally contained in a plant of the genus
cannabis (cannabis plant), as well as synthetic equivalents of the substances contained in the plant,
or in the resinous extractives of cannabis, sp. and/or synthetic substances, derivatives, and their
isomers with similar chemical structure and pharmacological activity such as the following: Delta cis
or trans tetrahydrocannabinol, and their optical isomers Delta 6 cis or trans tetrahydrocannabinol, and
their optical isomers Delta 3,4 cis or trans tetrahydrocannabinol, and its optical isomers.
(http://www.ncsl.org/?TabId=22431).
Xerostomia is the medical term for the subjective complaint of dry mouth due to a lack of saliva.
Xerostomia is sometimes colloquially called pasties, cottonmouth, drooth, doughmouth or des (like a
desert). Xerostomia is also common in smokers.
Xerostomia can cause difficulty in speech and eating. It also leads to halitosis and a dramatic rise in
the number of cavities, as the protective effect of saliva’s remineralizing the enamel is no longer
present, and can make the mucosa and periodontal tissue of the mouth more vulnerable to infection.
Notably, a symptom of heavy methamphetamine use usually called “meth mouth” is largely caused by
xerostomia which is worsened by the fact that methamphetamine at recreational doses can cause
tight clenching of the jaw, bruxism (compulsive grinding of the teeth), or a repetitive ‘chewing’
movement like the user is chewing without food in the mouth.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page).
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