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GENETICS NOTES OUTLINE I. CHROMOSOMES A. Definition: B. # total chromosomes in humans: ______ Chromosome # is unique to every species C. Chromosomal problems- aneuploidy - Too many Ex: Down’s Syndrome Klinefelter’s Syndrome - Too Few Ex: Turner Syndrome - Deletions Ex: Cri Du Chat (chr. 5) William’s Syndrome (chr. 7) II. KARYOTYPE A. Definition: B. Why used? III. GENETICS A. Definition: B. Gregor Mendel: Who? Where? What? C. Pea Plants Characteristics Mendel’s Conclusions: D DEFINITIONS DEFINITION GENES DOMINANT TRAIT RECESSIVE TRAIT PUNNETT SQUARE HOMOZYGOUS HETEROZYGOUS GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE ALLELES TRUE BREEDING P GENERATION F1 GENERATION E. PRINCIPLE OF DOMINANCE 1. Definition: DOMINANT CHARACTERISTICS GET CAPITAL LETTERS recessive characteristics get lower case letters F. PRINCIPLE OF SEGREGATION a. Definition: . IV. PROBABILITY AND PUNNETT SQUARE A. Why Punnett’s used? Rule: Dominant letter always capitalized and listed FIRST Recessive letter always lower case and SECOND B. Practice: 1. If a homozygous tall person was crossed with a homozygous short person, what are probably offspring? 2. Cross two heterozygous tall parents. What is the genotype ratio? Tall= T short= t 3. In dogs, wire hair (W) is dominant to smooth (w). Cross a homozygous wire haired dog with a smooth-haired dog. Phenotype? 4. Tongue rolling (T) is dominant to non-tongue rolling (t). Cross a homozygous tongue-rolling with a heterozygous tongue-rolling. 5. The long-eared allele (L) is dominant to the short-eared allele (l). Cross a homozygous long ear with a homozygous short-ear. Then cross the F1 generation and give the F2 results. V. EXPLORING MENDELIAN GENETICS A. Define Independent Assortment: 1. Example: B. How to figure out possible gametes in a dihybrid cross: Just use F.O.I.L.!! 1. Example: TtPp can give gametes: TP, Tp, tP, and tp. ______ ______ ______ ______ _______ _______ _______ _______ The ratio of a dihybrid heterozygous cross is always: ___________! VI. BEYOND PURE DOMINANCE A. Incomplete dominance: 1. Example: Cross a red flower with a white flower, showing incomplete dominance, where R= red and W= white. B. Co-dominance: 1. Examples: C. Multiple Alleles: 1. Examples: D. Polygenic Traits: 1. Examples: VII. SEX LINKED TRAITS A. Sex determination: B. Thomas Morgan: C. Remember: The X and Y sex chromosomes are non-homologous. Any allele on the X chromosome will NOT be masked by a matching allele on the Y chromosome D. Why are sex-linked traits more common in males than females? 1. Example of sex-linked Diseases: 2. Other examples: E. Sex-linked?: F. Sex-influenced?: VIII. GENE LINKAGE A. Scientist who studied gene linkage? B. What organism did he work with? C. His major discovery: Gene map: