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ENVIRO BIO GENETICS NOTES OUTLINE I. GENETICS A. Definition: B. Gregor Mendel: Who? Where? What? C. Pea Plants II. DEFINITIONS DEFINITION GENES DOMINANT TRAIT RECESSIVE TRAIT PUNNETT SQUARE HOMOZYGOUS/PURE BREED, TRUEBREEDING HETEROZYGOUS/ HYBRID GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE III. PROBABILITY AND PUNNETT SQUARE Why are Punnett squares used? Rule: Dominant letter always capitalized and listed FIRST Recessive letter always lower case and SECOND Practice: 1. If a homozygous tall person was crossed with a homozygous short person, what are probably offspring? Tall= T short= t 2. Cross two heterozygous tall parents. Tall= T short= t 3. In dogs, wire hair (W) is dominant to smooth (w). Cross a homozygous wire haired dog with a smooth-haired dog. Wire hair= W Smooth hair= w 4. Tongue rolling (T) is dominant to non-tongue rolling (t). Cross a homozygous tongue-rolling with a heterozygous tongue-rolling. Tongue-rolling= T No-tongue roll= t 5. The long-eared allele (L) is dominant to the short-eared allele (l). Cross a homozygous long ear with a homozygous short-ear. Then cross the F1 generation and give the F2 results. Long ear= L Short ear= l IV. EXPLORING MENDELIAN GENETICS: TWO TRAITS A. How to figure out possible gametes in a dihybrid cross: use F.O.I.L.!! B. Ex: Tall is dominant to short. Purple flowers is dominant to white flowers. Cross a heterozygous tall, heterozygous purple plant with another heterozygous tall, heterozygous purple plant. Parent 1: ____________ Parent 2: _____________ TtPp can give gametes: TP, Tp, tP, and tp. The ratio of a dihybrid heterozygous cross is always: ___________! V. BEYOND PURE DOMINANCE A. Define Incomplete dominance: B. Ex: Cross a red flower with a white flower, showing incomplete dominance, where R= red and W= white. C. Define Co-dominance: Examples: D. Define Multiple Alleles: Examples: E. Define Polygenic Traits: Examples: VI. SEX LINKED TRAITS Sex determination: Remember: Any allele on the X chromosome will NOT be masked by a matching allele on the Y chromosome Why are sex-linked traits more common in males than females? Ex: Hemophilia is a recessive, sex-linked disease. Cross a heterozygous normal female with a normal male. Normal= Hemophilia=