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Transcript
Date _____ Translation Practice Name _____________ Dear AP Biology Students: Good afternoon! Your mission today is to delve into chapter 17, in particular section 17.4 to examine the part of protein synthesis called translation (use the maroon textbooks at the back right corner of the room). Please answer the questions below and examine diagrams where included or referenced (remember . . . a picture is worth a thousand words). 1. Section 17. 4 starts out with a discussion of tRNA. Please address the following: a. What makes one tRNA different from another? b. tRNA is a translator because it can read a ________ _____ word and interpret it as a ____________ word. c. tRNA has an approximately “L” shaped structure (as seen in the threedimensional model below). What are the two main functional areas of the tRNA? Secondly, your text states that the structure of tRNA serves its’ function. How is this so? Note that there are many models for tRNA, my yellow “Santa Hat” model at the back of the room is another. The two dimensional “cloverleaf” model in figure 17.4 part a is yet another. 2. Although you may not have thought about this particular point before, how does an amino acid (AA) become attached to a tRNA in the first place? Notice there are no AA’s attached to the two tRNAs in the figure above. Date _____ Translation Practice Name _____________ a. Examine figure 17.15 in your text (you should have the text out by now). Ah, a special protein that functions as an enzyme called ___________________________________ tirelessly works to attach amino acids to tRNAs. b. How many tRNA synthetases exist and why are there exactly that number? c. What energy molecule is associated with the covalent bonding of amino acids to the tRNA? Briefly explain how amino acid attachment to tRNAs is an example of energy coupling. 3. Ribosomes (rRNA). Ribosomes have two subunits a small and large. Ribosomes also have three binding sites for tRNA on the large subunit: E site, P site, and A site. Lastly, ribosomes have an mRNA binding site on the small subunit. Please label diagram 17.16 below. a. List the functions of the E, P, and A sites. Date _____ Translation Practice Name _____________ b. Read the closing paragraph at the bottom of page 339. Why are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes medically significant? c. On pages 340-341 the three main stages (initiation, elongation and termination) of translation are detailed. Each of these stages is also shown in diagrams 17.17, 17.18 and 17.19. Use the figures to summarize the key parts of each stage in the space below: For example: Initiation – mRNA binds to the small ribosomal subunit, the start codon AUG binds with an initiator tRNA having anticodon UAC and amino acid Met. Next GTP is used to assemble the large subunit onto the small subunit and associated mRNA. The initiator tRNA is in the P site and the A site is open to receive the next tRNA that matches the next mRNA codon. Elongation – Termination - Date _____ Translation Practice Name _____________ Part 1: Use the genetic code below to complete the table. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 DNA Sequence mRNA Codon TRNA Anticodon Amino Acid TAC TTA CCG AAA AUG UAC Methionine CCG CCU GTC GUA AUA Tryptophan (Trp) TGT UAG ATT A B C D Questions: 1. Moving from column A to column B is equivalent to what process? 2. Moving from column B to column D is equivalent to what process? 3. Where does transcription take place? 4. Where does translation take place? 5. How many bases are needed to code for one amino acid? 6. How many different codon combinations are possible? 7. How many amino acids are there? 8. List all of the codons that code for Proline (Pro)? 9. What has been created when all of the substances listed in column D have been bonded together?