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The origin of genetic variation I Motivation Evolution is a change in the genotype of the population over time. Phenotypic differences between species reflects genetic differences between species = genetic variation across species What is the origin of genetic variation?? Ultimate:MUTATION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! II. What is a mutation??? -new variant of DNA that is different from both parents -deleterious alleles in population are often referred to as mutations Variation at third position is much greater than at other two Transitions are more common than transversions because DNA DNA repair enzymes can recognize wrong insertion representing a a transition better than a transversion III. Properties of Mutations Random Rates: high, about 1 new mutation per gamete Effect: deleterious? and generally weak IV. Origin of new loci/function: Gene Duplication Occurs through unequal crossing over Paralogs- loci that are duplicated and then diverge Orthologs- loci that are homologous then diverge Pseudogenes- clase of genes that have no function V. Chromosome inversions Suppress recombination and perhaps preserve multilocus based adaptations VI. Polyploidy duplication of the basic number of chromosomes, e.g.: 2n to 3 n to 4n etc., can lead to instant speciation through reproductive isolation VII. Much variation in populations Heterozygosity: average frequency of heterozygotes across loci Proportion of loci polymorphic Lots of genetic variation within natural populations What maintains it? VIII. Conclusion Mutation rates are high Mutations effect fitness Mutations contribute to genetic variation Duplications can lead to new gene function Polyploidy can lead to instant speciation Inversions can protect adaptations Mutations are important to evolution