Fulltext PDF - Indian Academy of Sciences
... The prevalence of homozygous CYP2C19*2/*2 estimated in this work (0.4%), and those previously estimated in Mexico (≤1.4%), suggest a low frequency of the PM phenotype in this country (Hoyo-Vadillo et al. 2010; Salazar-Flores et al. 2012). However, the predicted PM frequency based on the genotype CYP ...
... The prevalence of homozygous CYP2C19*2/*2 estimated in this work (0.4%), and those previously estimated in Mexico (≤1.4%), suggest a low frequency of the PM phenotype in this country (Hoyo-Vadillo et al. 2010; Salazar-Flores et al. 2012). However, the predicted PM frequency based on the genotype CYP ...
Motoo Kimura and James Crow on the Infinitely Many Alleles Model
... Malécot’s result was relevant for a theoretical analysis of the reasons for this variation. They made the straightforward generalization of Malécot’s formula to (4Neu + 1)21, where Ne is the effective population size. [There are at least four concepts of effective population size (Ewens 2000); Kimur ...
... Malécot’s result was relevant for a theoretical analysis of the reasons for this variation. They made the straightforward generalization of Malécot’s formula to (4Neu + 1)21, where Ne is the effective population size. [There are at least four concepts of effective population size (Ewens 2000); Kimur ...
MHC, mechanisms and
... expected to produce detectable effects on the distribution of alleles within those populations (Meyer & Thomson 2001; Hedrick 2002). Therefore, by comparing patterns of variation at MHC genes with those expected under neutrality, one can make inferences about the nature of selection. Contemporary se ...
... expected to produce detectable effects on the distribution of alleles within those populations (Meyer & Thomson 2001; Hedrick 2002). Therefore, by comparing patterns of variation at MHC genes with those expected under neutrality, one can make inferences about the nature of selection. Contemporary se ...
How pathogens drive genetic diversity: MHC, mechanisms and
... expected to produce detectable effects on the distribution of alleles within those populations (Meyer & Thomson 2001; Hedrick 2002). Therefore, by comparing patterns of variation at MHC genes with those expected under neutrality, one can make inferences about the nature of selection. Contemporary se ...
... expected to produce detectable effects on the distribution of alleles within those populations (Meyer & Thomson 2001; Hedrick 2002). Therefore, by comparing patterns of variation at MHC genes with those expected under neutrality, one can make inferences about the nature of selection. Contemporary se ...
Genomic variations and distinct evolutionary rate of rare alleles in
... and the major allele is defined as the haplotype which contains the majority of accessions. At a locus, there could be 1, 2 (Fig. 1a-b) or >2 distinct haplotypes (Fig. 1c). When a locus has only one haplotype, it must be a major allele (Fig. 1d). At such locus, the SNPs are randomly (or near randoml ...
... and the major allele is defined as the haplotype which contains the majority of accessions. At a locus, there could be 1, 2 (Fig. 1a-b) or >2 distinct haplotypes (Fig. 1c). When a locus has only one haplotype, it must be a major allele (Fig. 1d). At such locus, the SNPs are randomly (or near randoml ...
selection for recombination in small populations
... changes in recombination that have been observed experimentally. Finally, we suggest experiments to distinguish the relative contributions of these two sources of disequilibria. METHODS Two simulation programs were developed. The first was based on a three-locus model, with one locus modifying recom ...
... changes in recombination that have been observed experimentally. Finally, we suggest experiments to distinguish the relative contributions of these two sources of disequilibria. METHODS Two simulation programs were developed. The first was based on a three-locus model, with one locus modifying recom ...
How to recognize and diagnose chromosome rearrangements. David D. Perkins Background
... In most eukaryotes, chromosome rearrangements are recognized cytologically by visibly altered chromosome structure, or genetically by altered linkage relations. The first translocations in Neurospora were detected and verified using these methods (McClintock 1945, Houlahan et al. 1949). However, cha ...
... In most eukaryotes, chromosome rearrangements are recognized cytologically by visibly altered chromosome structure, or genetically by altered linkage relations. The first translocations in Neurospora were detected and verified using these methods (McClintock 1945, Houlahan et al. 1949). However, cha ...
Autosomal and X-chromosome imprinting
... translocations. It can be seen that, generally, the recovery varied little among the different translocations; the biggest variation was instead found in separate studies with one translocation (T30H) carried out on different genetic backgrounds. More significant, perhaps, has been the consistent ob ...
... translocations. It can be seen that, generally, the recovery varied little among the different translocations; the biggest variation was instead found in separate studies with one translocation (T30H) carried out on different genetic backgrounds. More significant, perhaps, has been the consistent ob ...
NEOPOLYPLOIDY IN FLOWERING PLANTS
... “races” of Sedum pulchellum. Without comparative information from closely related homoploid taxa, we have no way of ascribing the divergence observed among cytotypes to polyploidy versus genic differentiation via natural selection, genetic drift, interspecific hybridization, or other mechanisms. It ...
... “races” of Sedum pulchellum. Without comparative information from closely related homoploid taxa, we have no way of ascribing the divergence observed among cytotypes to polyploidy versus genic differentiation via natural selection, genetic drift, interspecific hybridization, or other mechanisms. It ...
Population Genetics - University of Evansville Faculty Web sites
... Q: How do we measure rates of change in the genetic composition of populations? This is where we begin our discussion of THEORETICAL POPULATION GENETICS. The theory of population genetics is the most fundamental body of theory in evolutionary biology because it provides precise mathematical predicti ...
... Q: How do we measure rates of change in the genetic composition of populations? This is where we begin our discussion of THEORETICAL POPULATION GENETICS. The theory of population genetics is the most fundamental body of theory in evolutionary biology because it provides precise mathematical predicti ...
JBS Haldane
... Not only did Haldane interpret Darwinism from the Indian philosophical and religious point of view, but also he developed several research projects on Indian species of plants and animals that are in the Darwinian tradition. As his students, we were all encouraged to conduct research on different pr ...
... Not only did Haldane interpret Darwinism from the Indian philosophical and religious point of view, but also he developed several research projects on Indian species of plants and animals that are in the Darwinian tradition. As his students, we were all encouraged to conduct research on different pr ...
Distinguishing Drift and Selection Empirically: “The - Philsci
... is to take a closer look at a purported demonstration of drift in nature, with an emphasis on the methods of study and analysis used, and here, I will do just that. My focus will be on Maxime Lamotte’s study of natural populations of the land snail Cepaea nemoralis in the 1950s. His snail work is am ...
... is to take a closer look at a purported demonstration of drift in nature, with an emphasis on the methods of study and analysis used, and here, I will do just that. My focus will be on Maxime Lamotte’s study of natural populations of the land snail Cepaea nemoralis in the 1950s. His snail work is am ...
The effect of inbreeding rate on fitness, inbreeding depression and
... and offspring from random matings decreases. Therefore, the so-called within-population inbreeding depression (i.e. the reduced fitness of offspring from inbred mating, when compared to offspring from random mating within the same population) is expected to decrease (Wang et al. 1999; Theodorou and ...
... and offspring from random matings decreases. Therefore, the so-called within-population inbreeding depression (i.e. the reduced fitness of offspring from inbred mating, when compared to offspring from random mating within the same population) is expected to decrease (Wang et al. 1999; Theodorou and ...
Recent approaches into the genetic basis of inbreeding depression
... hypotheses predict the same qualitative outcome of inbreeding from one generation to the next, they differ greatly in the expectations for evolution within populations. Under the dominance hypothesis, deleterious alleles are expected to be maintained in a random-mating population at a selection–muta ...
... hypotheses predict the same qualitative outcome of inbreeding from one generation to the next, they differ greatly in the expectations for evolution within populations. Under the dominance hypothesis, deleterious alleles are expected to be maintained in a random-mating population at a selection–muta ...
Effect of population size, selection intensity, linkage and non
... made in the second paper? that large populations (100) with low selection intensities (*$) showed no periods of slow response followed by periods of sudden response, as pro posed by Mather (1943), for any linkage values. ...
... made in the second paper? that large populations (100) with low selection intensities (*$) showed no periods of slow response followed by periods of sudden response, as pro posed by Mather (1943), for any linkage values. ...
Inheritance, level and origin of resistance to Globodera pallida in the
... with the log numbers of cysts in Experiment 2, as presented (r s :::: 0.94 and 0.96 respectively; P < 0.01). Based on these results, the hypothesis that the resistance ta D236 in Multa is based on a single, dominant gene, was tested. Assuming that Multa is heterozygous (simplex) far the resistance, ...
... with the log numbers of cysts in Experiment 2, as presented (r s :::: 0.94 and 0.96 respectively; P < 0.01). Based on these results, the hypothesis that the resistance ta D236 in Multa is based on a single, dominant gene, was tested. Assuming that Multa is heterozygous (simplex) far the resistance, ...
Biology 32: Evolutionary Biology Computer simulations of
... genetic drift is stronger than in a population of size 1000 (blue lines) and allele A1 is either fixed or lost more readily. Note that in a population sizes of 1,000 and 10,000 (blue and pink lines), allele A1 is neither fixed nor lost in these simulations. 3. Under drift, if we track allele A1 for ...
... genetic drift is stronger than in a population of size 1000 (blue lines) and allele A1 is either fixed or lost more readily. Note that in a population sizes of 1,000 and 10,000 (blue and pink lines), allele A1 is neither fixed nor lost in these simulations. 3. Under drift, if we track allele A1 for ...
Karyotype Polymorphism in Hybrid Populations of Drosophila
... and D. nasuta (2n = 8) are 2 sibling species with indistinguishable morphology; but distinct karyotypes. The former is distributed from Japan through Taiwan to Thailand, and the latter from India to the east coast of Africa. Although they are completely crossable in the laboratory, no polymorphic ka ...
... and D. nasuta (2n = 8) are 2 sibling species with indistinguishable morphology; but distinct karyotypes. The former is distributed from Japan through Taiwan to Thailand, and the latter from India to the east coast of Africa. Although they are completely crossable in the laboratory, no polymorphic ka ...
The role of the genetic counsellor: a systematic review of
... in administering newborn screening programmes as an example. However, with regard to the value placed on genetic counsellors in some settings, it may be significant that the genetic counsellors in the study by Hannig et al16 were only allocated clinical space on a day it was not required by others a ...
... in administering newborn screening programmes as an example. However, with regard to the value placed on genetic counsellors in some settings, it may be significant that the genetic counsellors in the study by Hannig et al16 were only allocated clinical space on a day it was not required by others a ...
Quantitative trait locus mapping in natural populations
... across environments, it is usually desirable to create replicates of a mapping population that can be studied in heterogeneous environments (either in the laboratory or the natural environment). Again, this type of study requires a specially created mapping population. However, if one is interested ...
... across environments, it is usually desirable to create replicates of a mapping population that can be studied in heterogeneous environments (either in the laboratory or the natural environment). Again, this type of study requires a specially created mapping population. However, if one is interested ...
Canalization, Cryptic Variation, and Developmental Buffering: A
... It must always be kept at the forefront of the mind of researchers that canalization is not a property of a species or population, but of a genotype. For most species, each individual has a unique genotype, which means testing questions of canalization can be extremely difficult. If a population is ...
... It must always be kept at the forefront of the mind of researchers that canalization is not a property of a species or population, but of a genotype. For most species, each individual has a unique genotype, which means testing questions of canalization can be extremely difficult. If a population is ...
The Effects of Selective History and Environmental
... results from a mismatch between selective history and the test environment. Alleles that are strongly selected in the standard environment will be very rare because of past selection, regardless of their effects in the novel environment. In contrast, alleles that are strongly selected in the novel e ...
... results from a mismatch between selective history and the test environment. Alleles that are strongly selected in the standard environment will be very rare because of past selection, regardless of their effects in the novel environment. In contrast, alleles that are strongly selected in the novel e ...
The Impact of Past Introductions on an Iconic and Economically
... 2 Scottish island estates and 1 English deer park for which the lack of congruence between geographic and genetic structure (estimated with microsatellite and mtDNA) was attributed to past management practices (Hmwe et al. 2006); a large (625 individuals) mtDNA survey within the Scottish Highlands t ...
... 2 Scottish island estates and 1 English deer park for which the lack of congruence between geographic and genetic structure (estimated with microsatellite and mtDNA) was attributed to past management practices (Hmwe et al. 2006); a large (625 individuals) mtDNA survey within the Scottish Highlands t ...
Phenotype Variations of TAS2R38 Gene and Its Bioecological
... gene with respect to age. The majority of the authors considers the opinion that the ratio of the phenotypic variations of ethnicities and populations with respect to age is unchanged. The part of them thinks differently; they consider that according to the phenotypic expressions of this gene, varie ...
... gene with respect to age. The majority of the authors considers the opinion that the ratio of the phenotypic variations of ethnicities and populations with respect to age is unchanged. The part of them thinks differently; they consider that according to the phenotypic expressions of this gene, varie ...
Computational approaches to understanding the genetic
... Complex traits are caused by hundreds or thousands of genetic variants and the environment, while mendelian traits are effected by a single genetic variant in a dominant or recessive pattern. Complex traits are the focus of this manuscript. Type and number of various kinds of human genetic variation ...
... Complex traits are caused by hundreds or thousands of genetic variants and the environment, while mendelian traits are effected by a single genetic variant in a dominant or recessive pattern. Complex traits are the focus of this manuscript. Type and number of various kinds of human genetic variation ...
Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia
The study of the genetics and archaeogenetics of the ethnic groups of South Asia aims at uncovering these groups' genetic history. The geographic position of India makes Indian populations important for the study of the early dispersal of all human populations on the Eurasian continent.According to the phylogeographic distribution of haplotypes observed among South Asian populations defined by social and linguistic criteria, the possibility arose of Y-DNA haplogroup F and mtDNA Haplogroup M might have originated in South Asia. The presence of several subclusters of F-M89 and K that are largely restricted to the Indian subcontinent is consistent with the scenario that a coastal (southern route) of early human migration out of Africa carried ancestral Eurasian lineages first to the coast of the Indian subcontinent, or that some of them originated there. Studies based on mtDNA variation have reported genetic unity across various Indian sub–populations. Conclusions of studies based on Y Chromosome variation and Autosomal DNA variation have been varied, although many researchers argue that most of the ancestral nodes of the phylogenetic tree of all the mtDNA types originated in the subcontinent. Recent genome studies appear to show evidence in support of the notion that modern south Asians (both Indo-Aryans and Dravidians) are a hybrid population descending from two genetically divergent populations referred to as the 'Ancestral North Indians' related to western eurasians and the 'Ancestral South Indians' who are not closely related to groups outside the subcontinent. It has been found that the ancestral node of the phylogenetic tree of all the mtDNA types typically found in Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe are also to be found in South Asia at relatively high frequencies. The inferred divergence of this common ancestral node is estimated to have occurred slightly less than 50,000 years ago. In India the major maternal lineages, or mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, are M, R and U, whose coalescence times have been approximated to 50,000 BP.All major Y chromosome DNA haplogroups in the subcontinent are Haplogroup F's descendant haplogroups R (mostly R2a, R2 and R1a1), L, H and J (mostly J2). Many researchers have argued that Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a1 (M17) is of autochthonous Indian origin. However, proposals for a Central Asian origin for R1a1 are also quite common.