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NG Biology Standard 2B Natural Selection Scappoose HS Darlak C-2 Name ______________________ Period: _____ Textbook: Biology: The Dynamics of Life. 2002. Chapter 15.1 (pps. 400-404) 1 Standard 2B Evolutionary Processes HS-LS4-2 HS-LS4-3 HS-LS4-4 Construct an explanation based on evidence that the process of evolution primarily results from four factors: (1) the potential for a species to increase in number, (2) the heritable genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction, (3) competition for limited resources, and (4) the proliferation of those organisms that are better able to survive and reproduce in the environment. Apply concepts of statistics and probability to support explanations that organisms with an advantageous heritable trait tend to increase in proportion to organisms lacking this trait. Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation of populations. Learning Targets Beginning Proficient-1 I can identify and analyze the four steps of Natural Selection. I cannot consistently identify the four steps of Natural Selection in a ways that demonstrates my understanding of this process. I cannot identify the three modes of Natural Selection with any consistency. I can identify and analyze the three modes of Natural Selection. I can identify and analyze how behavioral, physiological and structural adaptations emerge as a result of Natural Selection. Essential Questions: How can Natural Selection lead to so many variations? How can unrelated organisms look so similar? How fast can species evolve? I cannot identify if an adaptation is structural, behavioral or physiological with any consistency. Developing Proficient-2 Proficient-3 Highly Proficient-4 I can list and/or identify the four steps of Natural Selection with little to no errors. I can identify the four steps of Natural Selection in a real life scenario with little to no errors. I can create a scenario regarding natural selection that includes abiotic or biotic influences and a specific adaptation that results with only minor errors. I can identify the three modes of Natural Selection with little to no errors. (Disruptional, Stabilizing, Directional) with little to no errors. I can identify if an adaptation is structural, behavioral, or physiological with little to no error. In a scenario I can determine the type of Natural Selection that is occurring with little to no errors. In a scenario I can accurately graph the distribution of the population before disruption and distribution of the population after disruption. I can identify if an adaptation is physiological, structural or behavior in a real life scenario with little to no errors. I can justify why I believe the adaptation is classified as behavioral, structural or physiological in a real life scenario. Vocabulary Adaptation Evolutionary Fitness Stabilizing Selection Artificial Selection Natural Selection Behavioral Adaptation Physiological Adaptation 2 Disruptional Selection Sexual Selection Directional Selection Structural Adaptation Learning Targets Standard 2B Evolutionary Processes I can identify and analyze the four steps of Natural Selection. I can identify and analyze the three modes of Natural Selection. I can explain what happens and give examples of the four steps of natural selection. I can create a scenario using the four steps of natural selection to show how a population changes over time. I can identify and analyze how behavioral, physiological and structural adaptations emerge as a result of Natural Selection. I can identify directional selection when given a graph or description of how a population has changed. I can identify disruptional selection when given a graph or description of how a population has changed. I can identify stabilizing selection when given a graph or description of how a population has changed. In a scenario, I can accurately graph the distribution of the population before disruption and distribution of the population after disruption. I can define and give examples of behavioral adaptations. I can define and give examples of physiological adaptations. I can define and give examples of structural adaptations. If given a scenario, I can identify what type of adaptation is being described. Natural Selection Standard Outline I. Postulates of Natural Selection Darwin’s Observations: 1. Overproduction 2. Variation Darwin’s Inferences: 3. Selection 4. Adaptations II. Modes of Selection A. Directional- selection of one extreme B. Stabilizing- selection of the mean/average type C. Disruptive- selection of both extremes III. Types of Adaptations 1. Structural- anatomical 2. Physiological- metabolic 3. Behavioral- what it does 3 Theory of Natural Selection vs Theory of Acquired Characteristics Who Proposed it? What is the theory? Give an example scenario: Choose one of the following animals and their trait and explain how each theory would explain the acquisition of that trait in the population: How Eagles got great eyesight How Beavers got sharp teeth How tigers got their stripes Theory of Natural Selection Theory of Acquired Characterisitcs 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. According to Natural Selection… According to Acquired Characteristics… Who thought this? Lamarck, Darwin, or both of them? 1. Organisms have changed over time. 2. Organisms changed because they wanted to survive. 3. There was variation in a population. 4. Certain traits helped organisms survive and reproduce better than other organisms without those traits. 5. Organisms can never become extinct. 6. The environment had something to do with why organisms changed. 7. Parents are able to pass on at least some of their traits to their offspring. 8. Parents are only able to pass on traits that they were born with. 9. Organisms could decide to change something about their body and pass on that change to their offspring. 10. Organisms are still changing. 4 I. Postulates of Natural Selection Read the following information about the elephant population of Queen Elizabeth National Park in Uganda, Africa. Then fill in the table on the following page. Normally, nearly all African elephants, male and female, have tusks. In 1930, only 1 percent of the elephant population in Queen Elizabeth National Park was tuskless because of a rare genetic mutation. By 1963, there were 3,500 elephants in the park. In the 1970s, a civil war began in Uganda. Much of the wildlife was killed for food, and poachers killed elephants for their ivory tusks. By 1992, the elephant population had dropped to about 200. But by 1998, the population had increased to 1,200. A survey in 1998 revealed that as many as 30 percent of the adult elephants did not have tusks. Ugandan wildlife officials also noted a decline in poaching. 1. ___________________________ - Individuals that are better able to cope with the challenges of their environment tend to leave more offspring than those less suited. Example: 2. ___________________________ - All species have genetic variation. Example: 3. ___________________________ - Living things face many challenges in the struggle to exist. Individuals of species often compete with one another to survive. Example: 4. ___________________________ - The characteristics of the individuals best suited to a particular environment tend to increase in a population over time. Example: 5 Darwin’s Natural Selection Worksheet Read the following situations below and identify the 4 points of Darwin’s natural selection. 1)There are 2 types of worms: worms that eat at night (nocturnal) and worms that eat during the day (diurnal). The birds eat during the day and seem to be eating ONLY the diurnal worms. The nocturnal worms are in their burrows during this time. Each spring when the worms reproduce, they have about 500 babies but only 100 of these 500 ever become old enough to reproduce. a. What worm has natural selection selected AGAINST? ___________ FOR? _____________ Darwin's 4 points: Identify the 4 points in the scenario above. A. More offspring are produced than survive._________________________________________ B. Population has variations. _______________________________________________________ C. Those with favorable traits survive.________________________________________________ D. Population is made up of individuals with favorable traits._____________________________ 2) There are 3 types of polar bears: ones with thick coats, ones with thin coats and ones with medium coats. It is fall, soon to be winter. The temperatures are dropping rapidly and the bears must be kept warm, or they will freeze to death. Many of the bears have had ~2 cubs each but due to the extreme temperatures, many mothers only have one cub left. a. What bear will natural selection select AGAINST? _______________ FOR? _________________ Darwin's 4 points: Identify the 4 points in the scenario above. A. More offspring are produced than survive._________________________________________ B. Population has variations. _______________________________________________________ C. Those with favorable traits survive.________________________________________________ D. Population is made up of individuals with favorable traits._____________________________ 3) In ostriches, there are 2 types: ones that run fast and those that run slowly. The fast birds can reach up to 40 miles an hour. Jackals love to eat ostrich, and they can reach speeds of up to 35-40 miles per hour. A flock of ostrich will lay ~ 10 eggs (each mother only lays 1), but many rodents break into the eggs and eat the fetus before they hatch. a. What ostrich will natural selection select AGAINST? ________________ FOR? ______________ Darwin's 4 points: Identify the 4 points in the scenario above. A. More offspring are produced than survive._________________________________________ B. Population has variations. _______________________________________________________ C. Those with favorable traits survive.________________________________________________ D. Population is made up of individuals with favorable traits._____________________________ 4) There are two types of rabbits: those that strictly eat grass and those that strictly eat berries and flowers. A drought occurs one year, and the plants have difficulty producing any extras (flowers, berries, etc.). They can only try and keep themselves green. The rabbits have had babies all year long but many are eaten by foxes or hawks. Due to the drought, many have starved to death. 6 a. What rabbit will natural selection select AGAINST? ______________ FOR?_________________ Darwin's 4 points: Identify the 4 points in the scenario above. A. More offspring are produced than survive._________________________________________ B. Population has variations. _______________________________________________________ C. Those with favorable traits survive.________________________________________________ D. Population is made up of individuals with favorable traits._____________________________ 5) Bob believes that giraffes have long necks because they have stretched their necks to try and reach food that is high in trees. Since the parent had stretched its neck, it passed the long neck on to its offspring. Ryan believes that giraffes have long necks because the ones with long necks were able to reach the food, and those with short necks could not and died. The long necked giraffes reproduced, and soon all of the giraffes had long necks. a. Who thinks like Lamarck? _________________________________________________ b. Who thinks like Darwin? __________________________________________________ II. Modes of Selection A. Directional Selection B. Stabilizing Selection C. Disruptive Selection 7 Types of Natural Selection 1. Stabilizing Selection-- The extremes are selected against. Example: Too big or too small selected against. 2. Disruptive selection-- The extremes are both selected for. Example: Very light and very dark are selected for. 3. Directional selection-- One extreme value is selected for. Example: A longer trunk is more successful. Read the examples below. Decide which type of selection is described and create a graph to support your decision. 1. The weight of human babies tends to be between 5 and 9 lbs. Babies smaller than 5 lbs are at risk at dying from being premature. Babies larger than 9 lbs can cause difficulties for the mother during childbirth. 2. Onyx, a species of antelope, are very fast runners. The cheetah is their main predator. Slower Onyx are often the first to get captured while the faster individuals can escape. 3. A species of butterfly called the YingYang is found on the Island of Bermuda. There are two distinct color patterns of this butterfly, one is very light and the other is very dark. The white butterflies live in the meadows of Lace bushes which have very light colored leaves and flowers. The dark butterflies live in the forested areas of the island on the trunks of the Barosa tree. This tree is known for its very dark bark. 8 4. Red-eyed tree frog eggs take around 2-3 weeks to develop. These tree frogs lay their eggs in water pockets of epiphytes (plants that live on other plants). Over the last 25 years, the average time it takes for the water pocket puddles to dry up has been decreasing due to an increase in temperature and a decrease on rainfall. 5. The Redbud flower lives along the roadside; the flower varies greatly in size. They range in flower size varies from 1 to 6 inches across. Travelers often stop along the road to pick these flowers. They often choose to pick the flowers around 4 inches across because the large flowers won’t fit in the car and the small flowers aren’t as pretty. 6. The frilled lizard lives in the desert regions of Western Australia. These regions are very old where the rocks have been eroding for many years; therefore there are only small rocks in this habitat. Monitor lizards are predators of the frilled lizard. When the monitor lizard is hunting in an area, lizards often take cover under rocks to hide from the Monitor lizard. Over time the Frilled lizards that have survived attack from the monitor lizard are only the smaller Frilled lizards. 9 III. Types of Adaptations – See PowerPoint “NG 3B Adaptation Notes & Assignment” on Class Website Write a definition for each of the following and give an example. 1. Structural2. Physiological3. Behavioral- Sort the Adaptations of Birds of New Zealand Structural Behavioral 10 Physiological Adaptation Assignment 1. Fill in definitions for the three types of adaptations on p. 7 of your packet. 2. Keep a list of all the different adaptations mentioned in the PowerPoint. Put each adaptation in the correct column. Make sure to include examples of plant adaptations too. 3. Assignment o Look at each picture. o Choose 6 organisms (3 plants, 3 animals) o Research, list, and explain as many structural, behavioral, or physiological adaptations of the organism that enhances its survival. Animal Adaptations Animal 1 Adaptations (Type and Description) How does each adaptation enhance survival? Animal 2 Adaptations (Type and Description) How does each adaptation enhance survival? Animal 3 Adaptations (Type and Description) How does each adaptation enhance survival? 11 Plant Adaptations Plant 1 Adaptations (Type and Description) How does each adaptation enhance survival? Plant 2 Adaptations (Type and Description) How does each adaptation enhance survival? Plant 3 Adaptations (Type and Description) How does each adaptation enhance survival? 12 Galapagos Natural Selection and Survival Round 1: Creating the Parent Generation Phenotypes: Short-necked: 4 Long-necked: 4 Genotypes: NN : 4 nn : 4 Allele Frequencies: N: 8/16 = 0.5 n: 8/16 = 0.5 Creating the Parent Generation RESULTS: The Parents Phenotypes: Short-necked : Long- necked : Genotypes: NN : Nn : nn : Allele Frequencies: N: /32 = n: /32 = ROUND 2: Breeding the Parents Breeding the Parents RESULTS: The Children Phenotypes: Short-necked: Long- necked : Genotypes: NN : Nn : nn : Allele Frequencies: N: /32 = n: /32 = 13 ROUND 3: Breeding the Children (REMOVE 8 Brown ) Breeding the Children RESULTS: The Grandchildren Phenotypes: Short-necked: Long- necked : Genotypes: NN : Nn : nn : Allele Frequencies: N: /32 = n: /32 = ROUND 4: Breeding of the Grandchildren (REMOVE 8 Brown) Breeding the Grandchildren RESULTS: The Great Grand-Children Phenotypes: Short-necked: Long- necked : Genotypes: NN : Nn : nn : Allele Frequencies: N: /32 = n: /32 = Compare the dominant and recessive allele frequencies of the fourth generation tortoises (the great grandchildren) with the second generation of tortoises (the children). What has happened to the number of long-neck tortoises in the area? What has happened to the number of short neck tortoises in the area? Why? 14 10 Examples of Natural Selection http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/10-examples-natural-selection.htm Use the website above to explain 10 different examples of natural selection Example Summary How did the population Change? What type of adaptation(s)? 1. Peppered Moths 2. Rat Snakes 3. Pesticideresistant insects 4. Galapagos Finches 5. Peacocks 6. Warrior Ants 7. Deer Mouse 8. Nylon eating bacteria 9. Lizards 10. Humans 15 NATURUAL SELECTION INTERNET LAB Natural Selection Review Go to http://ats.doit.wisc.edu/biology/ev/ns/ns.htm 1. Go to Topic 1: Defining Natural Selection a. What does Darwin mean by “survival of the fittest”? i. What type of selection is happening to the salamanders on the Island of Sardinia? ii. Fill in the blanks: In this population ___________________ and __________________ tongued salamanders survived the best. iii. Which type of salamander produced the most offspring on average?_______________ iv. Most of the salamanders in the next generation would probably have ______________tongues. v. A fit individual is one that _________________ and ___________________. b. Natural Selection isn’t random. i. Namib Desert Does the phenotype affect the plant’s fitness in this situation? ________________ Which phenotype is more likely to survive and reproduce? ___________________ ii. Wyoming Does a bison’s phenotype affect its fitness in this situation?___________________ Which phenotype is more likely to survive and reproduce? ___________________ iii. Cambodia Does this phenotype affect the male damselflies’ fitness in this situation? _______ Which phenotype is more likely to survive and reproduce? ___________________ c. Natural Selection doesn’t create variation. i. Namib Desert What was the selective pressure for these salamandars? _______________________ Could any of the salamandars grown a longer tongue to get the flies?_____________ What phenotype varied in this population of salamanders?_____________________ Explain how natural selection works on existing variations_______________________ ______________________________________________________________________ d. Defining natural selection Darwin discovered that populations_________________________ by the mechanism of natural selection. Natural selection happens because __________________________differ in how well they ____________________________and ______________________ based on how well their_____________________ suit them for their _____________________. 2. Go to topic 2: The Genetic Basis of Variation PLAY SOME FITNESS FEVER! a. What mode of inheritance is LDH activity in the mummichog? _____________________ b. Which genptype has the highest fitness?___________Lowest?_____________________ c. In bacteria which free fitness card, helps the fitness the most?____________________ d. In ragworts, which free fitness card helps them the most?________________________ 16 Natural Selection Lab- PhET Simulation Pre-Lab Questions 1. What variables can you influence in this lab? 2. Define what a genetic mutation is. How do genetic mutations happen? How often? 3. What do the terms fitness and adaptation mean? What is the difference between the two? 4. What selection factors might affect an animal population besides the ones used in this lab? Designing The Experiment In this Lab you will be controlling the mutations and environment of a population of rabbits. Your will create four hypotheses and design an experiment to test each one. Your hypothesis will follow the format where you fill in the (...) with your own ideas and reasons. I hypothesize that (select a rabbit phenotype) rabbits will be (more/ less) likely to survive under (type of selective factor) within the (select type of environment) environment, because..... (explain how their trait will help them to survive or not) ***You must make at least one hypothesis for each of the three different types of phenotype mutations*** For each experiment you must have a control (no mutation) and fill in the following chart Experiment and Hypothesis • • • • Pheno type Selective Factor CONTROL Group Initial Pop at F3 CONTROL Group Final Population Experiment Group Initial Pop at F3 Experiment Group Final Population Conclusion/ Observation For each of the experiments, begin by adding a friend and a mutation. Wait until the F3 generation before adding the selective factor. After adding the selective factor let the simulation run for another 3 or 4 generations. Use the population numbers from the chart to get you numbers for the table, remember you can zoom in and out on the chart to get more accurate reads. Repeat for experiments 2, 3 and 4 Post-Lab Questions 1. Based upon your evidence from the simulation what conclusion are you able to make about each of the three different types of phenotypes in rabbits? 2. What happens to animals that cannot compete as well with other animals in the wild? 3. Sometimes animals that are introduced into an area that they never lived in before out-compete and endanger resident species, why do you think this happens? 4. If only one species is considered the "fittest", why do we still have so many variations among species? Why do some birds have very long pointy beaks, while other birds have short flat beaks? 5. How do you think diseases can affect natural selection? 6. How does this simulation mimic natural selection? In what ways does this simulation fail to represent the process of natural selection? 17 Learning Targets I can identify and analyze the four steps of Natural Selection I can identify and analyze the three modes of Natural Selection. I can identify and analyze how behavioral, physiological and structural adaptations emerge as a result of Natural Selection. Standard 2B Natural Selection Scenario Essay Score I can explain what happens and give examples of the four steps of natural selection. I can create a scenario using the four steps of natural selection to show how a population changes over time. I can describe how a population has changed by directional, disruptional, or stabilizing selection. In a scenario, I can accurately graph the distribution of the population before disruption and distribution of the population after disruption. I can define and give examples of behavioral adaptations. I can define and give examples of physiological adaptations. I can define and give examples of structural adaptations. I can create a scenario, describing how a specific type of adaptation emerges as a result of natural selection. /25 /25 /25 /5 /5 /85 Conventions Intro and Conclusion Total 18 2B Natural Selection Pre-Test Name:__________________________ Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Behavioral adaptations are _____________. a. how an animals acts and behaves in order to stay alive. b. physical features of an organism. c. the body’s response to something in the environment . 2. Physiological adaptations are _______________. a. how an organism acts and behaves in order to stay alive. b. physical features of an organism that allows it to survive. c. the body’s response to something in the environment. a. Physiological b. Behavioral c. Structural 7. Which step of natural selection is the is the example illustrating? 3. Which step of natural selection is this example illustrating? a. overproduction b. adaptation c. selection d. variation a. Overproduction b. Variation c. Selection d. Adaptation 8. Which step of natural selection is the example illustrating? 4. Which type of adaptation is a polar bear’s thick layer of fat? Is the adaptation from a biotic or abiotic selection factor? a. overproduction b. variation c. selection d. adaptation a. Physiological b. Behavioral c. Structural 5. Which step of natural selection is the below example illustrating? 9. Which step of natural selection is the photo illustrating? a. overproduction b. selection c. variation d. adaptation a. overproduction b. variation c. selection d. adaptation 6. Which type of adaptation is a poision dart frog’s poisonous skin? 19 10. Which type of adaptation is being shown by these snow monkeys grooming each other? A. a. Structural b. Behavioral c. Structural B. 11. Coconut trees can produce up to 50 cocnuts each season. Which step of natural selection is the example illustrating? C. 14. When checking leg length for a species of lizard found, scientists discovered a change in the distribution as shown in graph B above. Based on this information, the lizard population is undergoing _____. a. stabilizing selection b. directional selection c. artificial selection d. disruptive selection a. overproduction b. variation c. selection d. adaptation 12. Which type of adaptation is Emperor Penguin’s huddling together? Is the adaptation from a biotic or an abiotic selection factor? 15. Which of the graphs above demonstrates directional selection? a. A b. B c. C 16. Which of the graphs above demonstrates disruptional selection? a. A b. B c. C 17. Which of the graphs above demonstrates stabilizing selection? a. A b. B c. C a. behavioral b. physiological c. structural 13. Which type of adaptation is this pant’s ability to store water in its stem? 18. Which answer BEST shows an animal's structural adaptation to the tropical rain forest? a. baleen in filter feeding whales b. camouflage in a tree frog c. migration of birds in winter d. the long neck of a giraffe 19. The average individuals of a population are favored in _____ selection. a. stabilizing b. disruptive c. directional d. natural 20. _____ selection favors one extreme form of a trait in a population. a. stabilizing b. directional c. disruptive d. natural a. Structural b. Behavioral c. Physiological 20 Matching a. b. c. d. Darwin Statement Lamarck Statement Directional Selection Disruptional Selection e. f. g. h. 21. Type of selection where one extreme does not survive and the other does. 22. Type of selection where the extreme individuals do not survive. 23. Duck’s stretch the webbing between their toes so help them swim faster. Stabilizing Selection Natural Selection Sexual Selection Artificial Selection 26. Type of selection where the average individuals do not survive. 27. Type of selection that describes how more “fit” individuals survive and reproduce. 28. Acts on an organism's ability to obtain or successfully copulate with a mate. 24. Type of selection that chooses a trait chosen by humans. 25. “In the struggle for survival, the fittest win out at the expense of their rivals because they succeed in adapting themselves best to their environment." Identify the four statements of natural selection from the sentences below, place the lettered sentence that provides the best example for each statement. a. A snail like animal called a Limpet lives in tidal pools. Rory, a ten year old, notices that limpets come in three colors. They are light gray color when found high on the rocks when the tide is out. He found a few dark gray individuals, but most of the other limpets were a very dark brown. Especially when he looked in the deeper tide pools with similar colored kelp and seaweed. b. Rory was interested in limpets after finding them and found out on Wikipedia that they start out as males and change to female as they age. When it is time to spawn, males and females release millions of sperm and egg in the hopes that some will survive. c. When Rory was in college studying zoology, he went back the pools and found that the dark gray limpets had all but disappeared. He hypothesized that the light grey blended in with the dry rock and the dark brown were hidden in the kelp. d. After finishing his doctorate on the limpet, Rory found that his childhood observations were correct. 25 years after his first visit to the tide pools, the dark gray limpet was almost completely missing from the population of the Northern Oregon coast. 29. In any population, variations exist. 31. Organisms produce more organisms than can survive. 30. Overtime, offspring with “beneficial” variations will make up most of the population. 32. Individuals with certain “useful” or beneficial variations survive and pass on their variations to the next generation. 21