Reconceptualising Evolution by Natural Selection
... results from entities exhibiting differences in fitness in a population), this conceals a number of theoretical ambiguities and difficulties. Some of these have been pointed out numerous times; others have hardly been noticed. One aim of this work is to unpack these difficulties and ambiguities; ano ...
... results from entities exhibiting differences in fitness in a population), this conceals a number of theoretical ambiguities and difficulties. Some of these have been pointed out numerous times; others have hardly been noticed. One aim of this work is to unpack these difficulties and ambiguities; ano ...
Meta-analysis of phenotypic selection on flowering phenology
... 1986; Hoekstra et al. 2001; Kingsolver et al. 2001; Harder & Johnson 2009). Therefore, all these measures of selection should give qualitatively similar information. Studies from which we did not get the full information (in any form, numeric or in figures) needed to calculate r, were excluded from ...
... 1986; Hoekstra et al. 2001; Kingsolver et al. 2001; Harder & Johnson 2009). Therefore, all these measures of selection should give qualitatively similar information. Studies from which we did not get the full information (in any form, numeric or in figures) needed to calculate r, were excluded from ...
Is Organismic Fitness at the Basis of Evolutionary Theory?
... simply is the average of individual fitness values, then individual fitness is assuredly the conceptually fundamental notion for (TF1). On (TF1), trait fitnesses can be defined in terms of individual fitnesses, but the converse is impossible. Similarly, information about individual fitness can deriv ...
... simply is the average of individual fitness values, then individual fitness is assuredly the conceptually fundamental notion for (TF1). On (TF1), trait fitnesses can be defined in terms of individual fitnesses, but the converse is impossible. Similarly, information about individual fitness can deriv ...
Of Mice and Metaphysics: Natural Selection and
... is not a cause of evolutionary change. Rather, it is a statistical trend, a “formally characterized phenomenon, a statistical property of physical substrates that possess certain metrical properties” (Matthen and Ariew 2002, 68–69, emphasis in original). According to this purely statistical interpre ...
... is not a cause of evolutionary change. Rather, it is a statistical trend, a “formally characterized phenomenon, a statistical property of physical substrates that possess certain metrical properties” (Matthen and Ariew 2002, 68–69, emphasis in original). According to this purely statistical interpre ...
1 Of Mice and Metaphysics: Natural Selection and Realized
... 1951 in Australia or England. If natural selection is merely a stochastic trend, then the grounding question can be dismissed as misguided. For, there would be no causal process of natural selection to ground in the first place. However, there is good reason to think that such “stochastic” propertie ...
... 1951 in Australia or England. If natural selection is merely a stochastic trend, then the grounding question can be dismissed as misguided. For, there would be no causal process of natural selection to ground in the first place. However, there is good reason to think that such “stochastic” propertie ...
Fitness “kinematics”: biological function, altruism, and organism
... fitness as well. For example, Sober and Wilson say that “A behavior is altruistic when it increases the fitness of others and decreases the fitness of the actor” (Sober and Wilson, 1998, p. 17). Thus when an animal warns others of an approaching predator, it might sometimes decrease its fitness by d ...
... fitness as well. For example, Sober and Wilson say that “A behavior is altruistic when it increases the fitness of others and decreases the fitness of the actor” (Sober and Wilson, 1998, p. 17). Thus when an animal warns others of an approaching predator, it might sometimes decrease its fitness by d ...
natural selection in populations subject to a migration load
... on the same plant for their entire life, and the average per generation movement distance is <12 m (Sandoval 2000). This average includes individuals that did not move from their original plant, and may miss rare long-distance dispersal events. There is one generation per year, and insects mature at ...
... on the same plant for their entire life, and the average per generation movement distance is <12 m (Sandoval 2000). This average includes individuals that did not move from their original plant, and may miss rare long-distance dispersal events. There is one generation per year, and insects mature at ...
Probability in Biology: The Case of Fitness Roberta L. Millstein
... premise that I use the term Struggle for Existence in a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another, and including (which is more important) not only the life of the individual, but success in leaving progeny” (1859: 62; emphasis added) and “can we doubt (remembering t ...
... premise that I use the term Struggle for Existence in a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another, and including (which is more important) not only the life of the individual, but success in leaving progeny” (1859: 62; emphasis added) and “can we doubt (remembering t ...
The Strength of Phenotypic Selection in Natural Populations
... analyses. First, the studies involved quantitative traits showing continuous phenotypic variation within the study population: studies of discrete and categorical traits were not considered. Second, the studies examined natural phenotypic variation within populations: studies involving genetically o ...
... analyses. First, the studies involved quantitative traits showing continuous phenotypic variation within the study population: studies of discrete and categorical traits were not considered. Second, the studies examined natural phenotypic variation within populations: studies involving genetically o ...
Natural Selection on Testosterone Production in a Wild Songbird
... Testosterone-treated males more than compensated for reduced survival by siring more offspring via extrapair fertilizations than did controls, and as a result, they had higher fitness as measured by l, the projected relative rate of population growth (Raouf et al. 1997; Reed et al. 2006). These resu ...
... Testosterone-treated males more than compensated for reduced survival by siring more offspring via extrapair fertilizations than did controls, and as a result, they had higher fitness as measured by l, the projected relative rate of population growth (Raouf et al. 1997; Reed et al. 2006). These resu ...
The Strength of Phenotypic Selection in Natural
... analyses. First, the studies involved quantitative traits showing continuous phenotypic variation within the study population: studies of discrete and categorical traits were not considered. Second, the studies examined natural phenotypic variation within populations: studies involving genetically o ...
... analyses. First, the studies involved quantitative traits showing continuous phenotypic variation within the study population: studies of discrete and categorical traits were not considered. Second, the studies examined natural phenotypic variation within populations: studies involving genetically o ...
Why the Gene Will Not Return* Elisabeth A. Lloyd
... 2000). I shall expand on the second, interactor question, below, since it is the focus of this paper. The beneficiary question involves which entity benefits, in the long term, from the evolution by selection process, while the question of which entity manifests adaptations plays a central role in d ...
... 2000). I shall expand on the second, interactor question, below, since it is the focus of this paper. The beneficiary question involves which entity benefits, in the long term, from the evolution by selection process, while the question of which entity manifests adaptations plays a central role in d ...
Coyne et al 1997 Evolution 51:643
... of fitness; (3) although phases I and II of the theory may be at least theoretically plausible, there is little theoretical support for phase III of the shifting balance, in which adaptations spread from particular populations to the entire species; (4) the few possible examples of the SB process do ...
... of fitness; (3) although phases I and II of the theory may be at least theoretically plausible, there is little theoretical support for phase III of the shifting balance, in which adaptations spread from particular populations to the entire species; (4) the few possible examples of the SB process do ...
The Natures of Selection
... Are drift and selection forces? It is best not to phrase the question as bluntly as this. Instead, one should simply ask in what respects drift and selection resemble Newtonian forces, and in what ways they differ, paying attention all the time to the dangers of a seductive metaphor. Christopher Ste ...
... Are drift and selection forces? It is best not to phrase the question as bluntly as this. Instead, one should simply ask in what respects drift and selection resemble Newtonian forces, and in what ways they differ, paying attention all the time to the dangers of a seductive metaphor. Christopher Ste ...
Selection experiments: an under-utilized tool in
... project into the future. If extended for enough generations, they may allow one to observe fundamental changes in both phenotypic and genetic architecture, which can then be attributed to past selection that has occurred in a relatively well-defined manner (as compared with what occurs in nature). F ...
... project into the future. If extended for enough generations, they may allow one to observe fundamental changes in both phenotypic and genetic architecture, which can then be attributed to past selection that has occurred in a relatively well-defined manner (as compared with what occurs in nature). F ...
Probabilistic causation and the explanatory role of natural selection
... merely preserves certain traits and simply, in the absence of natural selection, in addition to the known forms of life, a vast assemblage of other types would exist which have been destroyed by selection (Huxley, 1936, 1943). The opposed vision is as old as the Non-creative View (see Table 1). This ...
... merely preserves certain traits and simply, in the absence of natural selection, in addition to the known forms of life, a vast assemblage of other types would exist which have been destroyed by selection (Huxley, 1936, 1943). The opposed vision is as old as the Non-creative View (see Table 1). This ...
Disruptive Selection in Natural Populations: The
... A key driver of frequency-dependent fitness is intraspecific competition (Milinski and Parker 1991). Indeed, theory suggests that intraspecific competition can generate disruptive selection (Rosenzweig 1978; Wilson and Turelli 1986; Day and Young 2004; Rueffler et al. 2006). In a population that exp ...
... A key driver of frequency-dependent fitness is intraspecific competition (Milinski and Parker 1991). Indeed, theory suggests that intraspecific competition can generate disruptive selection (Rosenzweig 1978; Wilson and Turelli 1986; Day and Young 2004; Rueffler et al. 2006). In a population that exp ...
Chapter 6
... As detailed below, the classic interpretation of Fisher’s theorem, along with both versions of Robertson’s theorem and the breeder’s equation, are all approximations (albeit often good ones), not formal mathematical theorems. In contrast, Price’s general expression for any type of selection response ...
... As detailed below, the classic interpretation of Fisher’s theorem, along with both versions of Robertson’s theorem and the breeder’s equation, are all approximations (albeit often good ones), not formal mathematical theorems. In contrast, Price’s general expression for any type of selection response ...
Chapter 6: Natural selection on phenotypes
... selection. In our examples above bill size in finches and gall size in flies were the targets. Much confusion results from thinking of the strength of selection on species or populations in general, without reference to a certain trait. Therefore, when trying to understand the causes of selection, w ...
... selection. In our examples above bill size in finches and gall size in flies were the targets. Much confusion results from thinking of the strength of selection on species or populations in general, without reference to a certain trait. Therefore, when trying to understand the causes of selection, w ...
Synthetic analyses of phenotypic selection in natural
... (potentially correlated) traits to variation in relative fitness (or fitness components: see below) among individuals in a population. The linear (s) and quadratic (g) selection differentials estimate the total selection on the trait via simple univariate regression, reflecting both direct selection ...
... (potentially correlated) traits to variation in relative fitness (or fitness components: see below) among individuals in a population. The linear (s) and quadratic (g) selection differentials estimate the total selection on the trait via simple univariate regression, reflecting both direct selection ...
Problems for Natural Selection as a Mechanism
... But gene expression is not analogous to natural selection. For one, schema instantiation occurred in the case of gene expression as the field of genetics matured. The original schema or sketch comes from the field’s infancy; as technology developed and knowledge accrued, research progressed in ways ...
... But gene expression is not analogous to natural selection. For one, schema instantiation occurred in the case of gene expression as the field of genetics matured. The original schema or sketch comes from the field’s infancy; as technology developed and knowledge accrued, research progressed in ways ...
Levels, Time and Fitness in Evolutionary Transitions in Individuality
... becomes nil; (2) there are two fundamentally distinct processes of selection, namely multilevel selection 1 (MSL1) and multilevel selection 2 (MLS2), occurring alternately at the different stages of an ETI. Claim (1) has recently been briefly criticized by Godfrey-Smith (2011, 77-78) for its metapho ...
... becomes nil; (2) there are two fundamentally distinct processes of selection, namely multilevel selection 1 (MSL1) and multilevel selection 2 (MLS2), occurring alternately at the different stages of an ETI. Claim (1) has recently been briefly criticized by Godfrey-Smith (2011, 77-78) for its metapho ...
Levels, Time and Fitness in Evolutionary
... becomes nil; (2) there are two fundamentally distinct processes of selection, namely multilevel selection 1 (MSL1) and multilevel selection 2 (MLS2), occurring alternately at the different stages of an ETI. Claim (1) has recently been briefly criticized by Godfrey-Smith (2011, 77-78) for its metapho ...
... becomes nil; (2) there are two fundamentally distinct processes of selection, namely multilevel selection 1 (MSL1) and multilevel selection 2 (MLS2), occurring alternately at the different stages of an ETI. Claim (1) has recently been briefly criticized by Godfrey-Smith (2011, 77-78) for its metapho ...
Soft and hard selection on plant defence traits in Arabidopsis thaliana
... (for more details, see Morgan and Schoen, 1997; van Tienderen, 2000; Hansen et al., 2003). In this instance, we multiplied the selection gradient for each superblock by the mean value of the trait in that superblock. Sensitivity to environmental frequencies The calculations described above for soft ...
... (for more details, see Morgan and Schoen, 1997; van Tienderen, 2000; Hansen et al., 2003). In this instance, we multiplied the selection gradient for each superblock by the mean value of the trait in that superblock. Sensitivity to environmental frequencies The calculations described above for soft ...
Pollen limitation and its influence on natural selection through seed set
... quantify pollinator-mediated selection (Dspoll, Dbpoll, Dcpoll). We assessed whether pollinators exerted selection on the six plant traits by examining the confidence intervals of the difference in selection coefficients (subscript ‘poll’) between the natural and hand-pollination treatments. We also ...
... quantify pollinator-mediated selection (Dspoll, Dbpoll, Dcpoll). We assessed whether pollinators exerted selection on the six plant traits by examining the confidence intervals of the difference in selection coefficients (subscript ‘poll’) between the natural and hand-pollination treatments. We also ...
Kin selection
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Kin selection is the evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction. Kin altruism is altruistic behaviour whose evolution is driven by kin selection. Kin selection is an instance of inclusive fitness, which combines the number of offspring produced with the number an individual can produce by supporting others, such as siblings.Charles Darwin discussed the concept of kin selection in his 1859 book, The Origin of Species, where he reflected on the puzzle of sterile social insects, such as honey bees, which leave reproduction to their sisters, arguing that a selection benefit to related organisms (the same ""stock"") would allow the evolution of a trait that confers the benefit but destroys an individual at the same time. R.A. Fisher in 1930 and J.B.S. Haldane in 1932 set out the mathematics of kin selection, with Haldane famously joking that he would willingly die for two brothers or eight cousins. In 1964, W.D. Hamilton popularised the concept and the major advance in the mathematical treatment of the phenomenon by George R. Price which has become known as ""Hamilton's rule"". In the same year John Maynard Smith used the actual term kin selection for the first time.According to Hamilton's rule, kin selection causes genes to increase in frequency when the genetic relatedness of a recipient to an actor multiplied by the benefit to the recipient is greater than the reproductive cost to the actor. The rule is difficult to test but a study of red squirrels in 2010 found that adoption of orphans by surrogate mothers in the wild occurred only when the conditions of Hamilton's rule were met. Hamilton proposed two mechanisms for kin selection: kin recognition, where individuals are able to identify their relatives, and viscous populations, where dispersal is rare enough for populations to be closely related. The viscous population mechanism makes kin selection and social cooperation possible in the absence of kin recognition. Nurture kinship, the treatment of individuals as kin when they live together, is sufficient for kin selection, given reasonable assumptions about dispersal rates. Kin selection is not the same thing as group selection, where natural selection acts on the group as a whole.In humans, altruism is more likely and on a larger scale with kin than with unrelated individuals; for example, humans give presents according to how closely related they are to the recipient. In other species, vervet monkeys use allomothering, where related females such as older sisters or grandmothers often care for young, according to their relatedness. The social shrimp Synalpheus regalis protects juveniles within highly related colonies.