PPT
... Yes. You are increasing your own genetic fitness by helping, even if your own direct fitness suffers. Natural selection favors these genes, and is known as indirect or kin selection. ...
... Yes. You are increasing your own genetic fitness by helping, even if your own direct fitness suffers. Natural selection favors these genes, and is known as indirect or kin selection. ...
The basics of kin selection theory Kin selection theory has
... demonstrating that this is indeed the case. Here we take the example of alarm calls to illustrate how variation in kin structure can influence the expression of altruism within groups. In many social groups of vertebrates, individuals give alarm calls when predators approach. For example, when grou ...
... demonstrating that this is indeed the case. Here we take the example of alarm calls to illustrate how variation in kin structure can influence the expression of altruism within groups. In many social groups of vertebrates, individuals give alarm calls when predators approach. For example, when grou ...
Exam 2 Practice Questions
... Why is kin selection considered pseudo-altruistic and not truly altruistic? What is Hamilton’s rule, and what does it mean for kin selection? Kin selection actually benefits the individual performing the act because it enables them to pass on some of their genes. Hamilton’s rule (rnb-c>0) states tha ...
... Why is kin selection considered pseudo-altruistic and not truly altruistic? What is Hamilton’s rule, and what does it mean for kin selection? Kin selection actually benefits the individual performing the act because it enables them to pass on some of their genes. Hamilton’s rule (rnb-c>0) states tha ...
BIO 373 Exam 2 Practice Questions
... Why is kin selection considered pseudo-altruistic and not truly altruistic? What is Hamilton’s rule, and what does it mean for kin selection? Kin selection actually benefits the individual performing the act because it enables them to pass on some of their genes. Hamilton’s rule (rnb-c>0) states tha ...
... Why is kin selection considered pseudo-altruistic and not truly altruistic? What is Hamilton’s rule, and what does it mean for kin selection? Kin selection actually benefits the individual performing the act because it enables them to pass on some of their genes. Hamilton’s rule (rnb-c>0) states tha ...
slides for lecture 11-13
... gives the alarm call, so they tend to have the alleles that it has) Note −− the numbers shown here are approximately correct at these gene frequencies. Infrequent occurrences such as homozygotes for the alarm call allele are omitted. ...
... gives the alarm call, so they tend to have the alleles that it has) Note −− the numbers shown here are approximately correct at these gene frequencies. Infrequent occurrences such as homozygotes for the alarm call allele are omitted. ...
Defining Cooperative breeding
... leading to irreversible transitions to societies with sterile worker cast generally involves the production of sterile members of the species, which carry out specialized tasks, effectively caring for the reproductive members. It can manifest in the appearance of individuals within a group whose beh ...
... leading to irreversible transitions to societies with sterile worker cast generally involves the production of sterile members of the species, which carry out specialized tasks, effectively caring for the reproductive members. It can manifest in the appearance of individuals within a group whose beh ...
Hamilton`s Rule - synergy - University of St Andrews
... will tend to be genetically related in viscous populations. What is not in this article? In addition to expanding on all the above points, Hamilton’s subsequent “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour” would make a number of further contributions. Chief among these are: a classification of socia ...
... will tend to be genetically related in viscous populations. What is not in this article? In addition to expanding on all the above points, Hamilton’s subsequent “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour” would make a number of further contributions. Chief among these are: a classification of socia ...
Altruism
... genetically identical, and so again this behaviour can be explained by kin selection. But how does it really work? Altruistic behaviours are only favoured if directed towards relatives (r >0). Hamilton pointed out that this could happen in two ways. First, if there is some possibility for kin discr ...
... genetically identical, and so again this behaviour can be explained by kin selection. But how does it really work? Altruistic behaviours are only favoured if directed towards relatives (r >0). Hamilton pointed out that this could happen in two ways. First, if there is some possibility for kin discr ...
Community of Reason October 7, 2012
... expense of the fitness of others However, social behaviors frequently ...
... expense of the fitness of others However, social behaviors frequently ...
Slides from Week 8.
... An individual’s genes can have copies in other ways than by leading the individual to leave descendants They can lead other individuals to have descendants bearing copies of the genes ...
... An individual’s genes can have copies in other ways than by leading the individual to leave descendants They can lead other individuals to have descendants bearing copies of the genes ...
animal altruism
... • Born Prince Kropotkin, became disgusted with contrast between the extravagances of court life and the poverty of Russian peasants. • Studied biology and geography; volunteered for expedition to eastern Siberia. Expected Darwin’s prediction of competition, instead saw cooperation in both society an ...
... • Born Prince Kropotkin, became disgusted with contrast between the extravagances of court life and the poverty of Russian peasants. • Studied biology and geography; volunteered for expedition to eastern Siberia. Expected Darwin’s prediction of competition, instead saw cooperation in both society an ...
Evolution of altruism
... An individual can be altruistic if c b*r The cost should be smaller than the benefit multiplied by relatedness. E.g. an individual may not reproduce in a given year (c=1) to help its sibling (r=0.5) if this helps the sibling raise at least two additional offspring (b=2). ...
... An individual can be altruistic if c b*r The cost should be smaller than the benefit multiplied by relatedness. E.g. an individual may not reproduce in a given year (c=1) to help its sibling (r=0.5) if this helps the sibling raise at least two additional offspring (b=2). ...
Problems of Kinship
... are equally likely to alarm call Why should an individual warn others when doing so makes it MORE vulnerable to predation? The behavior does not increase the fitness of the actor. How could it be maintained in the population? Males disperse at sexual maturity (about 2 years of age), but females rema ...
... are equally likely to alarm call Why should an individual warn others when doing so makes it MORE vulnerable to predation? The behavior does not increase the fitness of the actor. How could it be maintained in the population? Males disperse at sexual maturity (about 2 years of age), but females rema ...
Slide 1 - Dr. Michael Mills
... virtually impossible due to the countless combinations of sex. if it did happen there would be no way to really know if a nonrelated stranger contained a genetically similar trait. the concept of altruism shared between related kin is lost in this theory due to the fact that we are altruistic toward ...
... virtually impossible due to the countless combinations of sex. if it did happen there would be no way to really know if a nonrelated stranger contained a genetically similar trait. the concept of altruism shared between related kin is lost in this theory due to the fact that we are altruistic toward ...
11 - Group Selection
... then the elimination of altruists should cause the frequencies of altruistic genes to decrease. We would not expect alarm calls to be an evolutionarily stable strategy. ...
... then the elimination of altruists should cause the frequencies of altruistic genes to decrease. We would not expect alarm calls to be an evolutionarily stable strategy. ...
QTXb20
... 1. Outline three hypotheses to explain why animals disperse from their natal site. What are the levels of selection that are used in each hypothesis? (you must give three biological examples, i.e., one of each hypothesis). 1. inbreeding avoidance, such as in the example that explains why males dispe ...
... 1. Outline three hypotheses to explain why animals disperse from their natal site. What are the levels of selection that are used in each hypothesis? (you must give three biological examples, i.e., one of each hypothesis). 1. inbreeding avoidance, such as in the example that explains why males dispe ...
SEXUAL SELECTION
... selection are best understood by focusing on individual genes (alleles) as the units that are being selected, and (b) the ‘total fitness’ of an individual organism was represented not only by its success in producing viable offspring, but also included the organism’s ability to support the reproduct ...
... selection are best understood by focusing on individual genes (alleles) as the units that are being selected, and (b) the ‘total fitness’ of an individual organism was represented not only by its success in producing viable offspring, but also included the organism’s ability to support the reproduct ...
Fundamental Concepts in Sociobiology
... Preconditions for Reciprocal Altruism For reciprocal altruism to have come into existence, there are two necessary preconditions: 1. There has to be way of identifying ...
... Preconditions for Reciprocal Altruism For reciprocal altruism to have come into existence, there are two necessary preconditions: 1. There has to be way of identifying ...
direct selection
... Two brothers (close in age, not fathers yet, reproductively fertile) decide to go surfing. As they are surfing, one brother (the beneficiary) is dragged under the current and is in danger of drowning. The other brother (the altruist) decides to attempt to save his brother, thus risking his own life. ...
... Two brothers (close in age, not fathers yet, reproductively fertile) decide to go surfing. As they are surfing, one brother (the beneficiary) is dragged under the current and is in danger of drowning. The other brother (the altruist) decides to attempt to save his brother, thus risking his own life. ...
Kin Selection Definition Otherwise known as inclusive fitness theory
... your kin are more closely related to you than others and therefore are more likely to carry your genes. Thus, because you share 50% of your genes with your siblings but only 12.5% with your cousins, you should be much more likely to help siblings than cousins. According to the theory of inclusive fi ...
... your kin are more closely related to you than others and therefore are more likely to carry your genes. Thus, because you share 50% of your genes with your siblings but only 12.5% with your cousins, you should be much more likely to help siblings than cousins. According to the theory of inclusive fi ...
Kin selection
Kin selection is the evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction. Kin altruism is altruistic behaviour whose evolution is driven by kin selection. Kin selection is an instance of inclusive fitness, which combines the number of offspring produced with the number an individual can produce by supporting others, such as siblings.Charles Darwin discussed the concept of kin selection in his 1859 book, The Origin of Species, where he reflected on the puzzle of sterile social insects, such as honey bees, which leave reproduction to their sisters, arguing that a selection benefit to related organisms (the same ""stock"") would allow the evolution of a trait that confers the benefit but destroys an individual at the same time. R.A. Fisher in 1930 and J.B.S. Haldane in 1932 set out the mathematics of kin selection, with Haldane famously joking that he would willingly die for two brothers or eight cousins. In 1964, W.D. Hamilton popularised the concept and the major advance in the mathematical treatment of the phenomenon by George R. Price which has become known as ""Hamilton's rule"". In the same year John Maynard Smith used the actual term kin selection for the first time.According to Hamilton's rule, kin selection causes genes to increase in frequency when the genetic relatedness of a recipient to an actor multiplied by the benefit to the recipient is greater than the reproductive cost to the actor. The rule is difficult to test but a study of red squirrels in 2010 found that adoption of orphans by surrogate mothers in the wild occurred only when the conditions of Hamilton's rule were met. Hamilton proposed two mechanisms for kin selection: kin recognition, where individuals are able to identify their relatives, and viscous populations, where dispersal is rare enough for populations to be closely related. The viscous population mechanism makes kin selection and social cooperation possible in the absence of kin recognition. Nurture kinship, the treatment of individuals as kin when they live together, is sufficient for kin selection, given reasonable assumptions about dispersal rates. Kin selection is not the same thing as group selection, where natural selection acts on the group as a whole.In humans, altruism is more likely and on a larger scale with kin than with unrelated individuals; for example, humans give presents according to how closely related they are to the recipient. In other species, vervet monkeys use allomothering, where related females such as older sisters or grandmothers often care for young, according to their relatedness. The social shrimp Synalpheus regalis protects juveniles within highly related colonies.