EvolutionChapter11
... • Because individual selection works faster than group selection, selfish individuals rapidly increase within populations • May spread towards neighbouring populations though gene flow • Leads to fixation of selfish genotypes (even if causing population extinction) ...
... • Because individual selection works faster than group selection, selfish individuals rapidly increase within populations • May spread towards neighbouring populations though gene flow • Leads to fixation of selfish genotypes (even if causing population extinction) ...
Detection of the footprint of natural selection in the genome
... • Darwin began formulating his theory of natural selection in the late 1860 ...
... • Darwin began formulating his theory of natural selection in the late 1860 ...
SI - TEST 4 STUDY GUIDE
... *Greater investment in high reproductively valuable offspring Under what benefit/cost conditions does nepotism evolve? Hamilton’s Rule = Br > C What are the three hypothesis of the inclusive fitness theory? ...
... *Greater investment in high reproductively valuable offspring Under what benefit/cost conditions does nepotism evolve? Hamilton’s Rule = Br > C What are the three hypothesis of the inclusive fitness theory? ...
Ch 23 Populations
... the Hardy-Weinberg equations are used with respect to a particular gene. 3. Students can be confused about the role of chance in evolution and natural selection. New alleles arise by chance mutations, new combinations of alleles arise by the shuffling of genes in sexual recombination, and chance eve ...
... the Hardy-Weinberg equations are used with respect to a particular gene. 3. Students can be confused about the role of chance in evolution and natural selection. New alleles arise by chance mutations, new combinations of alleles arise by the shuffling of genes in sexual recombination, and chance eve ...
review
... According to this definition of fitness, which lion would biologists consider the “fittest”? Explain why.__________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ ...
... According to this definition of fitness, which lion would biologists consider the “fittest”? Explain why.__________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ ...
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION In format provided by Cooper
... such as selfish, altruism and signal. The advantage of this is that it can convey information in an efficient way. However, at last two things need to be considered when defining phrases: (1) Is it formally justified? (2) Is it useful? Justification: A potential problem with phrases such as altruism ...
... such as selfish, altruism and signal. The advantage of this is that it can convey information in an efficient way. However, at last two things need to be considered when defining phrases: (1) Is it formally justified? (2) Is it useful? Justification: A potential problem with phrases such as altruism ...
Principles of Evolution
... mate and produce offspring. • That’s why this process, Natural Selection is a non-random process of sorting out genotypes and resulting phenotypes that don’t work. ...
... mate and produce offspring. • That’s why this process, Natural Selection is a non-random process of sorting out genotypes and resulting phenotypes that don’t work. ...
File
... 2. SELECTION: Through competition or change the environment can act upon individuals differently depending on the traits they posses. Healthy populations produce far more offspring than could survive and reproduce. 3. INHERITANCE: parents pass on their traits to their offspring genetically. As a res ...
... 2. SELECTION: Through competition or change the environment can act upon individuals differently depending on the traits they posses. Healthy populations produce far more offspring than could survive and reproduce. 3. INHERITANCE: parents pass on their traits to their offspring genetically. As a res ...
Theory of Evolution and Natural Selection
... each island had similar physical conditions but distinct species of mockingbirds, tortoises. divergence in isolation from a common ancestor ...
... each island had similar physical conditions but distinct species of mockingbirds, tortoises. divergence in isolation from a common ancestor ...
10.1-Intro to Evolution
... Suppose that Tyson had genes that he passed on to his cubs that helped his cubs to resist infections on the African plains. This means his cubs were more likely to survive to adulthood. These genes would be more common in the next generation, since more of the cubs with these genes would survive to ...
... Suppose that Tyson had genes that he passed on to his cubs that helped his cubs to resist infections on the African plains. This means his cubs were more likely to survive to adulthood. These genes would be more common in the next generation, since more of the cubs with these genes would survive to ...
Adaptation II. Modes of Selection III. Adaptation “Survival of the Fittest”
... • Number of offspring that survive to reproduce ...
... • Number of offspring that survive to reproduce ...
EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY SOME USEFUL DEFINITIONS
... 4. Because bearers of adaptive traits have a greater chance of reproducing, their offspring tend to make up an increasingly greater proportion of the reproductive base for each new generation. This tendency is called differential reproduction. 5. “Differential reproduction” is natural selection. Ada ...
... 4. Because bearers of adaptive traits have a greater chance of reproducing, their offspring tend to make up an increasingly greater proportion of the reproductive base for each new generation. This tendency is called differential reproduction. 5. “Differential reproduction” is natural selection. Ada ...
Natural Selection
... Natural selection and Evolution • Natural selection will lead to evolution – when individuals with certain characteristics have a greater survival or reproductive rate than other individuals in a population ...
... Natural selection and Evolution • Natural selection will lead to evolution – when individuals with certain characteristics have a greater survival or reproductive rate than other individuals in a population ...
key - Sacramento State
... nature and the degree to which competition for limited resources acted to limit individual survival and reproduction. The logical consequence Darwin put forth based on these observations was that the most competitive individuals would persist and reproduce, whereas those that are not would die. ...
... nature and the degree to which competition for limited resources acted to limit individual survival and reproduction. The logical consequence Darwin put forth based on these observations was that the most competitive individuals would persist and reproduce, whereas those that are not would die. ...
Selection and Evolution
... I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection. - Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species ...
... I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection. - Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species ...
Adaptation and Evolution – How do species change over time?
... behavior that increases the survival and reproductive success of the actor will be passed on at higher rate to next generation (will be favored by natural selection) Behavior that decreases the survival and reproductive success of the actor will not So how could altruism possibly get passed on? How ...
... behavior that increases the survival and reproductive success of the actor will be passed on at higher rate to next generation (will be favored by natural selection) Behavior that decreases the survival and reproductive success of the actor will not So how could altruism possibly get passed on? How ...
Into to Altruism (PowerPoint) Northeast 2012
... Understand a long-standing problem in evolutionary biology ...
... Understand a long-standing problem in evolutionary biology ...
Evolution, Natural Selection, and Adaptation
... highest relative reproductive success increase in frequency over evolutionary time ...
... highest relative reproductive success increase in frequency over evolutionary time ...
Phil 306: Egoism and Altruism EVOLUTIONARY THEORY AND
... socioeconomic realm, in which the richer are thought to be the most “fit,”, the “stronger,” and the poor, the less “fit,” or “weaker.” Social Darwinism was also used to rationalize colonialism, as a natural subduing of the weaker subject populations of Asia and Africa by the naturally superior/stron ...
... socioeconomic realm, in which the richer are thought to be the most “fit,”, the “stronger,” and the poor, the less “fit,” or “weaker.” Social Darwinism was also used to rationalize colonialism, as a natural subduing of the weaker subject populations of Asia and Africa by the naturally superior/stron ...
Understanding Evolution: Gene Selection vs. Group Selection
... has its roots in the question of demonstrated animal altruism: why do individuals sacriÞce themselves or their time and energy in order to help other organisms? In the early days of group selectionism, this sort of behavior was thought to have evolved Òfor the good of the speciesÓ or Òfor the good o ...
... has its roots in the question of demonstrated animal altruism: why do individuals sacriÞce themselves or their time and energy in order to help other organisms? In the early days of group selectionism, this sort of behavior was thought to have evolved Òfor the good of the speciesÓ or Òfor the good o ...
Altruism, Spite, and Greenbeards REVIEW
... the prediction that the relative adbut provide a benefit to the actor (c < and injured males vantage of spite is greater when var0) (Table 1). This benefit is often a iance in relatedness is higher (giving reduction in future competition for resources, for the actor or their offspring, with sterile ...
... the prediction that the relative adbut provide a benefit to the actor (c < and injured males vantage of spite is greater when var0) (Table 1). This benefit is often a iance in relatedness is higher (giving reduction in future competition for resources, for the actor or their offspring, with sterile ...
Natural Selection is not an Invisible Hand
... understood they can be powerful ways to illustrate dry scientific concepts. But all too often metaphors are not identified as such, leaving students and professional scientists alike open to misconceptions. On ...
... understood they can be powerful ways to illustrate dry scientific concepts. But all too often metaphors are not identified as such, leaving students and professional scientists alike open to misconceptions. On ...
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE - mvhs
... individuals of a given genotype to survive and reproduce in the face of natural selection. If an organism has a _______ fitness than another organism - it is more likely to survive and reproduce. ...
... individuals of a given genotype to survive and reproduce in the face of natural selection. If an organism has a _______ fitness than another organism - it is more likely to survive and reproduce. ...
Kin selection
Kin selection is the evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction. Kin altruism is altruistic behaviour whose evolution is driven by kin selection. Kin selection is an instance of inclusive fitness, which combines the number of offspring produced with the number an individual can produce by supporting others, such as siblings.Charles Darwin discussed the concept of kin selection in his 1859 book, The Origin of Species, where he reflected on the puzzle of sterile social insects, such as honey bees, which leave reproduction to their sisters, arguing that a selection benefit to related organisms (the same ""stock"") would allow the evolution of a trait that confers the benefit but destroys an individual at the same time. R.A. Fisher in 1930 and J.B.S. Haldane in 1932 set out the mathematics of kin selection, with Haldane famously joking that he would willingly die for two brothers or eight cousins. In 1964, W.D. Hamilton popularised the concept and the major advance in the mathematical treatment of the phenomenon by George R. Price which has become known as ""Hamilton's rule"". In the same year John Maynard Smith used the actual term kin selection for the first time.According to Hamilton's rule, kin selection causes genes to increase in frequency when the genetic relatedness of a recipient to an actor multiplied by the benefit to the recipient is greater than the reproductive cost to the actor. The rule is difficult to test but a study of red squirrels in 2010 found that adoption of orphans by surrogate mothers in the wild occurred only when the conditions of Hamilton's rule were met. Hamilton proposed two mechanisms for kin selection: kin recognition, where individuals are able to identify their relatives, and viscous populations, where dispersal is rare enough for populations to be closely related. The viscous population mechanism makes kin selection and social cooperation possible in the absence of kin recognition. Nurture kinship, the treatment of individuals as kin when they live together, is sufficient for kin selection, given reasonable assumptions about dispersal rates. Kin selection is not the same thing as group selection, where natural selection acts on the group as a whole.In humans, altruism is more likely and on a larger scale with kin than with unrelated individuals; for example, humans give presents according to how closely related they are to the recipient. In other species, vervet monkeys use allomothering, where related females such as older sisters or grandmothers often care for young, according to their relatedness. The social shrimp Synalpheus regalis protects juveniles within highly related colonies.