Inclusive fitness in agriculture - Philosophical Transactions of the
... has probably not been sufficient to achieve the full potential of cooperation among plants, nor between plants and their symbionts. Further improvement through plant breeding and crop symbiont management should therefore be possible. There are two different ways in which selection for inclusive fitn ...
... has probably not been sufficient to achieve the full potential of cooperation among plants, nor between plants and their symbionts. Further improvement through plant breeding and crop symbiont management should therefore be possible. There are two different ways in which selection for inclusive fitn ...
Senescence as an Adaptation to Limit the Spread of
... When offspring are born and remain near their parents, spatial kinship correlations result. If ...
... When offspring are born and remain near their parents, spatial kinship correlations result. If ...
Reprint - Queen`s University Department of Mathematics and Statistics.
... evolutionarily stable resource exploitation strategy (i.e., an ESS). This analysis is used for two purposes. First, it is used to determine how such ESS’s are affected by the genetic structuring of the population which is inherent in the model (to be described shortly). The answer to this question p ...
... evolutionarily stable resource exploitation strategy (i.e., an ESS). This analysis is used for two purposes. First, it is used to determine how such ESS’s are affected by the genetic structuring of the population which is inherent in the model (to be described shortly). The answer to this question p ...
Natural Selection as a Cause: Probability, Chance, and Selective
... What does the coin-tossing example demonstrate? That when a type of outcome depends on chance, different outcomes may have the same probabilistic cause (here, it’s the relevant physical set-up). This is the distinctive mark of a probabilistic cause. Let us make clear what "probabilistic cause" mean ...
... What does the coin-tossing example demonstrate? That when a type of outcome depends on chance, different outcomes may have the same probabilistic cause (here, it’s the relevant physical set-up). This is the distinctive mark of a probabilistic cause. Let us make clear what "probabilistic cause" mean ...
A wake-up call for studies of natural selection?
... (unpublished data)]. For both, there was significant convex selection on two out of the three traits (details in Fig. 1 legend), and patterns of nonlinear selection were consistently stronger for fertility selection than for viability selection. Frentiu (2004) presents an analysis of six morphologic ...
... (unpublished data)]. For both, there was significant convex selection on two out of the three traits (details in Fig. 1 legend), and patterns of nonlinear selection were consistently stronger for fertility selection than for viability selection. Frentiu (2004) presents an analysis of six morphologic ...
The Postulated Resemblance of Natural to Artificial Selection
... general fitness of the latter, while in natural selection, according to theory, utility of characters and general fitness are the ruling factors. This point also is conceded by Darwin, who says: "It is obvious that a host of artificial races could never survive in a state of nature;—such as Italian ...
... general fitness of the latter, while in natural selection, according to theory, utility of characters and general fitness are the ruling factors. This point also is conceded by Darwin, who says: "It is obvious that a host of artificial races could never survive in a state of nature;—such as Italian ...
DETECTING ECOLOGICAL TRADE-OFFS USING SELECTION EXPERIMENTS
... host A, but is neutral on host B. In a population maintained on host A, locus N will reach a stable polymorphic equilibrium, with allele frequencies that maximize mean fitness on A. If a derivative of the population were then transferred to host B, the locus would no longer be under selection, and c ...
... host A, but is neutral on host B. In a population maintained on host A, locus N will reach a stable polymorphic equilibrium, with allele frequencies that maximize mean fitness on A. If a derivative of the population were then transferred to host B, the locus would no longer be under selection, and c ...
Estimating the Form of Natural Selection on a Quantitative Trait
... itself,and second, it can suggestan appropriateparametricmodel if one is desired. I use the method to analyze several familiar data sets involving selection on a single variable and show where new insightsare based gained.Estimatesofselectionintensity on nonparametricestimatesof fitnessfunctions are ...
... itself,and second, it can suggestan appropriateparametricmodel if one is desired. I use the method to analyze several familiar data sets involving selection on a single variable and show where new insightsare based gained.Estimatesofselectionintensity on nonparametricestimatesof fitnessfunctions are ...
Thamnophis ordinoides
... Conclusions of Endler's book: 1. Selection intensities in nature often are as strong as those implemented by animal breeders. 2. Differences in fitness of > 10% are not uncommon for polymorphic traits. 3. Selection related to survival is generally less strong than selection related to mating ability ...
... Conclusions of Endler's book: 1. Selection intensities in nature often are as strong as those implemented by animal breeders. 2. Differences in fitness of > 10% are not uncommon for polymorphic traits. 3. Selection related to survival is generally less strong than selection related to mating ability ...
Multi-level Selection and the Major Transitions in - Philsci
... The debate in evolutionary biology over ‘levels of selection’, long of interest to philosophers of science, has undergone a subtle transformation in recent years. The transformation co-incides, more or less, with the increasing prominence of ‘multilevel selection theory’ in the evolutionary literatu ...
... The debate in evolutionary biology over ‘levels of selection’, long of interest to philosophers of science, has undergone a subtle transformation in recent years. The transformation co-incides, more or less, with the increasing prominence of ‘multilevel selection theory’ in the evolutionary literatu ...
Reviving the Superorganism
... Individuals can be regarded as groups of genes that have become functionally organized by natural selection to perpetuate themselves. We can use this analogy to show how groups of individuals can be similarly functionally organized, in which case the individuals acquire the status of alleles and the ...
... Individuals can be regarded as groups of genes that have become functionally organized by natural selection to perpetuate themselves. We can use this analogy to show how groups of individuals can be similarly functionally organized, in which case the individuals acquire the status of alleles and the ...
DOC
... Natural selection is the nonrandom process by which biologic traits become more or less common in a population as a function of differential reproduction of their bearers. It is a key mechanism of evolution. The genetic variation within a population of organisms may cause some individuals to survive ...
... Natural selection is the nonrandom process by which biologic traits become more or less common in a population as a function of differential reproduction of their bearers. It is a key mechanism of evolution. The genetic variation within a population of organisms may cause some individuals to survive ...
Reprint
... employed phenotypic approaches used in this setting, and we demonstrate that, although some of their predictions are always genetically valid, others are invalid in general, and this is true for both haploid asexual and diploid sexual organisms. In particular, we show that both approaches obtain the ...
... employed phenotypic approaches used in this setting, and we demonstrate that, although some of their predictions are always genetically valid, others are invalid in general, and this is true for both haploid asexual and diploid sexual organisms. In particular, we show that both approaches obtain the ...
Inclusive Fitness and the Sociobiology of the Genome Herbert Gintis
... in the case of genes that sacrifice on behalf of relatives (b; c; r > 0). Hamilton (1964b) provided a plausible explanation of social cooperation. However, inclusive fitness theory renders equally plausible biochemical and social behaviors that are comparatively rarely observed. This is because, as ...
... in the case of genes that sacrifice on behalf of relatives (b; c; r > 0). Hamilton (1964b) provided a plausible explanation of social cooperation. However, inclusive fitness theory renders equally plausible biochemical and social behaviors that are comparatively rarely observed. This is because, as ...
Evolution and Natural Selection
... of the world. Any organism has a realized fitness, its actual number of offspring. It has zero, one, ten, or whatever. That outcome is the result of all the actual events in its life, all the causal details. Do we have to believe that behind that number there is some other number of offspring that i ...
... of the world. Any organism has a realized fitness, its actual number of offspring. It has zero, one, ten, or whatever. That outcome is the result of all the actual events in its life, all the causal details. Do we have to believe that behind that number there is some other number of offspring that i ...
Adaptation and Inclusive Fitness
... has the appearance of design or intention. Inclusive fitness theory provides a link from the gene-frequency dynamics of natural selection to the appearance of design and intention at the individual level [24,41,44]. Specifically, it allows us to conceptualise individuals as trying to maximise someth ...
... has the appearance of design or intention. Inclusive fitness theory provides a link from the gene-frequency dynamics of natural selection to the appearance of design and intention at the individual level [24,41,44]. Specifically, it allows us to conceptualise individuals as trying to maximise someth ...
LEVELS OF SELECTION ARE ARTEFACTS OF DIFFERENT
... time to extinction of a species.8 Thus, to be precise, asexual organisms have more offspring than sexual organisms over a short period of time (that might be one organism generation, but is not necessary), while sexual species go extinct less often than asexual species over a long period of time. Th ...
... time to extinction of a species.8 Thus, to be precise, asexual organisms have more offspring than sexual organisms over a short period of time (that might be one organism generation, but is not necessary), while sexual species go extinct less often than asexual species over a long period of time. Th ...
VI. Levels of Selection
... Selection can occur wherever there is differential reproduction among variable entities. Usually identified by outcomes contradictory to predictions at the individual ...
... Selection can occur wherever there is differential reproduction among variable entities. Usually identified by outcomes contradictory to predictions at the individual ...
Evolution and Natural Selection (Lecture 2)
... Could be extended: some entire lineages may be more successful than others as well resulting in some lineages going extinct (as Cuvier had found) ...
... Could be extended: some entire lineages may be more successful than others as well resulting in some lineages going extinct (as Cuvier had found) ...
Paving the way for Darwin Georges Cuvier (1769
... “I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection.” (The Origin of Species) http://www. interaktv .com/Darwin/Darwin.html ...
... “I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection.” (The Origin of Species) http://www. interaktv .com/Darwin/Darwin.html ...
Natural Selection
... necks. Those individuals with the allele/s for longer necks were able to reach more nutritious leaves, and so they had more energy to produce more and healthier offspring. These offspring inherited the longer necks of their parents. Because there were more babies of longer-necked parents, the next g ...
... necks. Those individuals with the allele/s for longer necks were able to reach more nutritious leaves, and so they had more energy to produce more and healthier offspring. These offspring inherited the longer necks of their parents. Because there were more babies of longer-necked parents, the next g ...
neuter insects - University of Oxford
... difficulty; but not much greater than that of any other striking modification of structure; for it can be shown that some insects and other articulate animals in a state of nature occasionally become sterile; and if such insects had been social, and it had been profitable to the community that a num ...
... difficulty; but not much greater than that of any other striking modification of structure; for it can be shown that some insects and other articulate animals in a state of nature occasionally become sterile; and if such insects had been social, and it had been profitable to the community that a num ...
6 Social evolution theory: a review of methods and approaches
... Over the past decades much progress has been made in understanding the evolutionary factors that can promote social behaviour. Nevertheless, the bewildering range of methods that have been employed leave many confused. Here we review some of the major approaches that can be used to model social evol ...
... Over the past decades much progress has been made in understanding the evolutionary factors that can promote social behaviour. Nevertheless, the bewildering range of methods that have been employed leave many confused. Here we review some of the major approaches that can be used to model social evol ...
Natural Selection
... In 1977, the area the Grants were working in suffered a severe drought Over a period of about 20 months, 84% of the medium ground finch population disappeared (Fig 3.5a Freeman and Herron) It was inferred that the finches probably died of starvation since there was a strong correspondence with seed ...
... In 1977, the area the Grants were working in suffered a severe drought Over a period of about 20 months, 84% of the medium ground finch population disappeared (Fig 3.5a Freeman and Herron) It was inferred that the finches probably died of starvation since there was a strong correspondence with seed ...
Fitness and Natural Selection - Gleason
... Fitness and Natural Selection Different phenotypes interact with the environment in slightly different ways, leading to variation in fecundity and survival among individuals in populations. The rate of reproduction of a phenotype – the intrinsic rate of increase of the life table for the phenotype – ...
... Fitness and Natural Selection Different phenotypes interact with the environment in slightly different ways, leading to variation in fecundity and survival among individuals in populations. The rate of reproduction of a phenotype – the intrinsic rate of increase of the life table for the phenotype – ...
Kin selection
Kin selection is the evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction. Kin altruism is altruistic behaviour whose evolution is driven by kin selection. Kin selection is an instance of inclusive fitness, which combines the number of offspring produced with the number an individual can produce by supporting others, such as siblings.Charles Darwin discussed the concept of kin selection in his 1859 book, The Origin of Species, where he reflected on the puzzle of sterile social insects, such as honey bees, which leave reproduction to their sisters, arguing that a selection benefit to related organisms (the same ""stock"") would allow the evolution of a trait that confers the benefit but destroys an individual at the same time. R.A. Fisher in 1930 and J.B.S. Haldane in 1932 set out the mathematics of kin selection, with Haldane famously joking that he would willingly die for two brothers or eight cousins. In 1964, W.D. Hamilton popularised the concept and the major advance in the mathematical treatment of the phenomenon by George R. Price which has become known as ""Hamilton's rule"". In the same year John Maynard Smith used the actual term kin selection for the first time.According to Hamilton's rule, kin selection causes genes to increase in frequency when the genetic relatedness of a recipient to an actor multiplied by the benefit to the recipient is greater than the reproductive cost to the actor. The rule is difficult to test but a study of red squirrels in 2010 found that adoption of orphans by surrogate mothers in the wild occurred only when the conditions of Hamilton's rule were met. Hamilton proposed two mechanisms for kin selection: kin recognition, where individuals are able to identify their relatives, and viscous populations, where dispersal is rare enough for populations to be closely related. The viscous population mechanism makes kin selection and social cooperation possible in the absence of kin recognition. Nurture kinship, the treatment of individuals as kin when they live together, is sufficient for kin selection, given reasonable assumptions about dispersal rates. Kin selection is not the same thing as group selection, where natural selection acts on the group as a whole.In humans, altruism is more likely and on a larger scale with kin than with unrelated individuals; for example, humans give presents according to how closely related they are to the recipient. In other species, vervet monkeys use allomothering, where related females such as older sisters or grandmothers often care for young, according to their relatedness. The social shrimp Synalpheus regalis protects juveniles within highly related colonies.