Charles Darwin 1809-1882
... generation to the next (personal observation, experience with animal breeding). Offspring resemble their parents, but not precisely. Thus, differences among individuals in the parental generation tend to be reflected in individuals of the descendent generation. ...
... generation to the next (personal observation, experience with animal breeding). Offspring resemble their parents, but not precisely. Thus, differences among individuals in the parental generation tend to be reflected in individuals of the descendent generation. ...
Inclusive fitness
... How should an individual allocate resources between growth and fecundity, or between foraging and defence? What proportion of an individual's offspring should disperse and attempt to breed far from home? These are examples of the questions we consider here, and the answers we seek are evolutionary–– ...
... How should an individual allocate resources between growth and fecundity, or between foraging and defence? What proportion of an individual's offspring should disperse and attempt to breed far from home? These are examples of the questions we consider here, and the answers we seek are evolutionary–– ...
word - MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
... Boyd and Richerson (1989) are the first to develop a mathematical model of cooperation based on indirect reciprocity. In their model, donors are rewarded for their deeds by the last person in a ring of n indirectly-reciprocating individuals. Their analysis of the indirect reciprocity indicates that ...
... Boyd and Richerson (1989) are the first to develop a mathematical model of cooperation based on indirect reciprocity. In their model, donors are rewarded for their deeds by the last person in a ring of n indirectly-reciprocating individuals. Their analysis of the indirect reciprocity indicates that ...
Evidence for evolution
... envisaged process similar to artificial selection that had produced organisms we see today. He called it Natural Selection. ...
... envisaged process similar to artificial selection that had produced organisms we see today. He called it Natural Selection. ...
Natural selection
... - is common to hear complaints among both biologists and non-biologists that natural selection is a tautology, or something that is true by definition, and thus of no meaning or value. - the typical argument goes like this: - one can ask the question: What is evolution by natural selection? - a comm ...
... - is common to hear complaints among both biologists and non-biologists that natural selection is a tautology, or something that is true by definition, and thus of no meaning or value. - the typical argument goes like this: - one can ask the question: What is evolution by natural selection? - a comm ...
Natural selection
... - is common to hear complaints among both biologists and non-biologists that natural selection is a tautology, or something that is true by definition, and thus of no meaning or value. - the typical argument goes like this: - one can ask the question: What is evolution by natural selection? - a comm ...
... - is common to hear complaints among both biologists and non-biologists that natural selection is a tautology, or something that is true by definition, and thus of no meaning or value. - the typical argument goes like this: - one can ask the question: What is evolution by natural selection? - a comm ...
"Genes, Memes and Demes," Biology and Philosophy 3:179
... kin groups. To make the larger claim, one would have to demonstrate that science as a whole is structured into one large kin group with respect to what we know about modes of conceptualreproductionand actual pedigree. Moreover, there are two ways to argue that altruistic behaviors can become establi ...
... kin groups. To make the larger claim, one would have to demonstrate that science as a whole is structured into one large kin group with respect to what we know about modes of conceptualreproductionand actual pedigree. Moreover, there are two ways to argue that altruistic behaviors can become establi ...
Kin Recognition Mechanisms: Phenotypic Matching or Recognition
... recognitionis achieved is a major challenge. Such recognitionis importantbeacts to kin ifotherfactorssuch as proximityto cause it can facilitatepreferential withotherindividualsare not correlatedwithkinshipand if nepoor familiarity tismhas been selected for. But preciselyhow is kin recognitionachiev ...
... recognitionis achieved is a major challenge. Such recognitionis importantbeacts to kin ifotherfactorssuch as proximityto cause it can facilitatepreferential withotherindividualsare not correlatedwithkinshipand if nepoor familiarity tismhas been selected for. But preciselyhow is kin recognitionachiev ...
Natural Selection and Populations - Advanced
... Natural selection acts on an organism’s phenotype (appearance), which is a product of genotype and any environmental influences on gene expression. By selecting for alleles which improve survival and/or reproduction and selecting against harmful alleles, natural selection changes the proportion of a ...
... Natural selection acts on an organism’s phenotype (appearance), which is a product of genotype and any environmental influences on gene expression. By selecting for alleles which improve survival and/or reproduction and selecting against harmful alleles, natural selection changes the proportion of a ...
4 Levels of Selection: An Alternative to Individualism in Biology and
... 0:8ð11:01Þ þ 0:2ð14:04Þ ¼ 11:62. The average A-type individual is more fit then the average S-type individual, which is merely another way of saying that it evolves. Let us now return to the individualistic claim that ‘‘virtually all adaptations evolve by individual selection.’’ If by individual sel ...
... 0:8ð11:01Þ þ 0:2ð14:04Þ ¼ 11:62. The average A-type individual is more fit then the average S-type individual, which is merely another way of saying that it evolves. Let us now return to the individualistic claim that ‘‘virtually all adaptations evolve by individual selection.’’ If by individual sel ...
Group Selection
... removed from a population by selection is replaced by mutation. • Natural Selection versus Sexual Selection Traits that increase male mate numbers at the expense of male viability spread through a population. • Group Selection versus Individual Selection Traits that increase the fitness of the group ...
... removed from a population by selection is replaced by mutation. • Natural Selection versus Sexual Selection Traits that increase male mate numbers at the expense of male viability spread through a population. • Group Selection versus Individual Selection Traits that increase the fitness of the group ...
11.4 Natural Selection and Human Health
... 1. Individuals within populations vary. This is true of human and non-human populations. Variation can include traits other than appearance, such as blooming time in flowers. 2. Some of the variation within individuals can be passed on to their offspring. Darwin noticed that animal breeders c ...
... 1. Individuals within populations vary. This is true of human and non-human populations. Variation can include traits other than appearance, such as blooming time in flowers. 2. Some of the variation within individuals can be passed on to their offspring. Darwin noticed that animal breeders c ...
The power of natural selection
... sufficient statistical power to detect typical strengths of selection7,8. Perhaps the pendulum should swing all the way back to Darwin: natural selection really is weak in nature, except in exceptional situations. Enter Hereford et al.1,who argue that previous reviews did not have objective criteria ...
... sufficient statistical power to detect typical strengths of selection7,8. Perhaps the pendulum should swing all the way back to Darwin: natural selection really is weak in nature, except in exceptional situations. Enter Hereford et al.1,who argue that previous reviews did not have objective criteria ...
Chapter 23 Presentation-The Evolution of Populations
... 3. Chance and Natural Selection Interact Chance events can alter a gene pool such as when a storm blows birds or insects over an ocean and to a new environment. The genes which arrive may not be the best in the former population. The organisms pass through a ...
... 3. Chance and Natural Selection Interact Chance events can alter a gene pool such as when a storm blows birds or insects over an ocean and to a new environment. The genes which arrive may not be the best in the former population. The organisms pass through a ...
What is Natural Selection?
... and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another, and including (which is more important) not only the life of the individual, but success in leaving progeny. Two canine animals in a time of dearth, may be truly said to struggle with each other which shall get food and live. But ...
... and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another, and including (which is more important) not only the life of the individual, but success in leaving progeny. Two canine animals in a time of dearth, may be truly said to struggle with each other which shall get food and live. But ...
Paradox of Animal Sociality,
... saying that the first number will be lower than the second number, since relatives presumably share genes more often than individuals chosen at random. But a problem does seem to arise when we put these two ideas together, because, as the alert reader may point out, all genes are received “by descen ...
... saying that the first number will be lower than the second number, since relatives presumably share genes more often than individuals chosen at random. But a problem does seem to arise when we put these two ideas together, because, as the alert reader may point out, all genes are received “by descen ...
presentation source
... – Assign trait values to ancestral nodes by using the difference in trait values of derived taxa – Weight change by branch length ...
... – Assign trait values to ancestral nodes by using the difference in trait values of derived taxa – Weight change by branch length ...
EEB 2245 Evolutionary Biology Spring 2015 Problem Set 2
... (f) What is best for the species and what is best for the individual must be the same ...
... (f) What is best for the species and what is best for the individual must be the same ...
Evolution by Natural Selection
... the population as a result of evolution by natural selection. Since it will help the individual live longer, there is a greater chance that it will reproduce than those with lesser favorable traits. Thus the next generation will resemble the parents with the favorable triat more. 2. Not all characte ...
... the population as a result of evolution by natural selection. Since it will help the individual live longer, there is a greater chance that it will reproduce than those with lesser favorable traits. Thus the next generation will resemble the parents with the favorable triat more. 2. Not all characte ...
Evolutionary explanation
... evolutionary contexts, and concerns organisms or traits. An individual organism has abilities to physiologically adapt to its environment, for example by changing the values of some parameters of its metabolism (pulse, body temperature, etc.). Its being adapted is the result of such physiological pr ...
... evolutionary contexts, and concerns organisms or traits. An individual organism has abilities to physiologically adapt to its environment, for example by changing the values of some parameters of its metabolism (pulse, body temperature, etc.). Its being adapted is the result of such physiological pr ...
Biol-1406_Ch15notes6pg.pdf
... Answer: the opposite of equilibrium. Violation of one or more of these five conditions may allow changes in allele frequencies Equilibrium requires: ...
... Answer: the opposite of equilibrium. Violation of one or more of these five conditions may allow changes in allele frequencies Equilibrium requires: ...
Biol-1406_Ch15Notes.ppt
... Sexual Selection • Sexual selection is a type of natural selection that favors traits that help an organism acquire a __________ – __________ features (bright colors, long feathers or fins, elaborate antlers) – Bizarre courtship __________ – Loud, complex courting __________ ...
... Sexual Selection • Sexual selection is a type of natural selection that favors traits that help an organism acquire a __________ – __________ features (bright colors, long feathers or fins, elaborate antlers) – Bizarre courtship __________ – Loud, complex courting __________ ...
Natural Selection
... in need of a solution. – Darwin was not the only one to see these problems BTW – Other ‘Naturalists’ were struggling with the same issues ...
... in need of a solution. – Darwin was not the only one to see these problems BTW – Other ‘Naturalists’ were struggling with the same issues ...
Document
... in need of a solution. – Darwin was not the only one to see these problems BTW – Other ‘Naturalists’ were struggling with the same issues ...
... in need of a solution. – Darwin was not the only one to see these problems BTW – Other ‘Naturalists’ were struggling with the same issues ...
Lecture2 - Indiana University Bloomington
... and reproduce in the present environment (S ≠ 0), then 3. those heritable traits conferring enhanced success will tend to increase in frequency (R ≠ 0). As we will see, R = h2S. The response to selection (R) is equal to heritability (h2) times the selection differential (S). Is this testable idea? I ...
... and reproduce in the present environment (S ≠ 0), then 3. those heritable traits conferring enhanced success will tend to increase in frequency (R ≠ 0). As we will see, R = h2S. The response to selection (R) is equal to heritability (h2) times the selection differential (S). Is this testable idea? I ...
Kin selection
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Kin selection is the evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction. Kin altruism is altruistic behaviour whose evolution is driven by kin selection. Kin selection is an instance of inclusive fitness, which combines the number of offspring produced with the number an individual can produce by supporting others, such as siblings.Charles Darwin discussed the concept of kin selection in his 1859 book, The Origin of Species, where he reflected on the puzzle of sterile social insects, such as honey bees, which leave reproduction to their sisters, arguing that a selection benefit to related organisms (the same ""stock"") would allow the evolution of a trait that confers the benefit but destroys an individual at the same time. R.A. Fisher in 1930 and J.B.S. Haldane in 1932 set out the mathematics of kin selection, with Haldane famously joking that he would willingly die for two brothers or eight cousins. In 1964, W.D. Hamilton popularised the concept and the major advance in the mathematical treatment of the phenomenon by George R. Price which has become known as ""Hamilton's rule"". In the same year John Maynard Smith used the actual term kin selection for the first time.According to Hamilton's rule, kin selection causes genes to increase in frequency when the genetic relatedness of a recipient to an actor multiplied by the benefit to the recipient is greater than the reproductive cost to the actor. The rule is difficult to test but a study of red squirrels in 2010 found that adoption of orphans by surrogate mothers in the wild occurred only when the conditions of Hamilton's rule were met. Hamilton proposed two mechanisms for kin selection: kin recognition, where individuals are able to identify their relatives, and viscous populations, where dispersal is rare enough for populations to be closely related. The viscous population mechanism makes kin selection and social cooperation possible in the absence of kin recognition. Nurture kinship, the treatment of individuals as kin when they live together, is sufficient for kin selection, given reasonable assumptions about dispersal rates. Kin selection is not the same thing as group selection, where natural selection acts on the group as a whole.In humans, altruism is more likely and on a larger scale with kin than with unrelated individuals; for example, humans give presents according to how closely related they are to the recipient. In other species, vervet monkeys use allomothering, where related females such as older sisters or grandmothers often care for young, according to their relatedness. The social shrimp Synalpheus regalis protects juveniles within highly related colonies.