Individual pollen limitation, phylogeny and selection
... than others and is, therefore, conceptually closely related to the idea of competition. Darwin’s (1859) argument for evolution by natural selection makes frequent reference to competition and how its severity will vary geographically or with the players involved. Darwin also explicitly identifies co ...
... than others and is, therefore, conceptually closely related to the idea of competition. Darwin’s (1859) argument for evolution by natural selection makes frequent reference to competition and how its severity will vary geographically or with the players involved. Darwin also explicitly identifies co ...
Colonies Are Individuals: Revisiting the Superorganism Revival
... what respect, in order to qualify as superorganisms. Furthermore, given the diversity of organismality, the appeal of the similarity approach cited by Moritz and Fuchs appears, at least, to grow ever more dilute. What is insightful about Moritz and Fuch’s account are the biological claims about colo ...
... what respect, in order to qualify as superorganisms. Furthermore, given the diversity of organismality, the appeal of the similarity approach cited by Moritz and Fuchs appears, at least, to grow ever more dilute. What is insightful about Moritz and Fuch’s account are the biological claims about colo ...
Natural Selection in Relation to Complexity
... Definitions of complexity range from positive ones like Gell-Mann’s [15] or Crutchfield’s [10] ‘‘effective’’ or ‘‘structural’’ complexity, as a concise listing of the regularities shown by a system, to the negative one that complexity characterizes situations that generate perplexity [48]. Both kind ...
... Definitions of complexity range from positive ones like Gell-Mann’s [15] or Crutchfield’s [10] ‘‘effective’’ or ‘‘structural’’ complexity, as a concise listing of the regularities shown by a system, to the negative one that complexity characterizes situations that generate perplexity [48]. Both kind ...
An Agony in Five Fits (R
... at whole organisms as integrated systems that appear to be maximizing something. Fitness[3], or “classical fitness”, is a property of an individual organism, often expressed as the product of survival and fecundity. It is a measure of the individual's reproductive success, or its success in passing ...
... at whole organisms as integrated systems that appear to be maximizing something. Fitness[3], or “classical fitness”, is a property of an individual organism, often expressed as the product of survival and fecundity. It is a measure of the individual's reproductive success, or its success in passing ...
Pfennig and Kingsolver
... individuals differ in some of their characteristics, and differential reproduction, where some individuals have more surviving offspring than others because of their distinctive characteristics. Those individuals that have more surviving offspring are said to have higher fitness (note that an indivi ...
... individuals differ in some of their characteristics, and differential reproduction, where some individuals have more surviving offspring than others because of their distinctive characteristics. Those individuals that have more surviving offspring are said to have higher fitness (note that an indivi ...
NATURAL SELECTION
... claim that natual selection can explain the traits of individual organisms. In his scenario, there is also a two-stage process but not one that involves cumulative selection. A single selection event can influence the composition of future generations by increasing the chances that a particula,r ind ...
... claim that natual selection can explain the traits of individual organisms. In his scenario, there is also a two-stage process but not one that involves cumulative selection. A single selection event can influence the composition of future generations by increasing the chances that a particula,r ind ...
The genetical theory of multilevel selection - synergy
... nonnegative, natural selection can only have an improving effect on fitness. Fisher (1930) used the fundamental theorem as justification for the idea that individuals will appear designed to maximize their fitness (see Grafen, 2002, 2003 for more on this optimization view). Importantly, the fundamen ...
... nonnegative, natural selection can only have an improving effect on fitness. Fisher (1930) used the fundamental theorem as justification for the idea that individuals will appear designed to maximize their fitness (see Grafen, 2002, 2003 for more on this optimization view). Importantly, the fundamen ...
Ch 9 Powerpoint
... 2. Some of the variation within individuals can be passed on to their offspring 3. Populations of organisms produce more offspring than will survive 4. Survival and reproduction are not random ...
... 2. Some of the variation within individuals can be passed on to their offspring 3. Populations of organisms produce more offspring than will survive 4. Survival and reproduction are not random ...
The genetical theory of multilevel selection
... nonnegative, natural selection can only have an improving effect on fitness. Fisher (1930) used the fundamental theorem as justification for the idea that individuals will appear designed to maximize their fitness (see Grafen, 2002, 2003 for more on this optimization view). Importantly, the fundamen ...
... nonnegative, natural selection can only have an improving effect on fitness. Fisher (1930) used the fundamental theorem as justification for the idea that individuals will appear designed to maximize their fitness (see Grafen, 2002, 2003 for more on this optimization view). Importantly, the fundamen ...
Disruptive Selection and then What?
... opposite sides of the fitness minimum can coexist in a protected polymorphism (Metz et al., 1996b; Geritz et al., 1998). Disruptive selection acts to drive the coexisting types further apart, until they reside on different fitness peaks (Box 1, fig. Ic). In freely interbreeding sexual populations, h ...
... opposite sides of the fitness minimum can coexist in a protected polymorphism (Metz et al., 1996b; Geritz et al., 1998). Disruptive selection acts to drive the coexisting types further apart, until they reside on different fitness peaks (Box 1, fig. Ic). In freely interbreeding sexual populations, h ...
Chasing Shadows: Natural Selection and Adaptation
... (1982) offer the example of individual selection without a change in gene frequencies. Consider a case of extreme heterosis. For some locus with two alleles A and a, the heterozygotes (Aa) are on average extremely robust, while the homozygous condition (AA or aa) is lethal. Only the heterozygotes su ...
... (1982) offer the example of individual selection without a change in gene frequencies. Consider a case of extreme heterosis. For some locus with two alleles A and a, the heterozygotes (Aa) are on average extremely robust, while the homozygous condition (AA or aa) is lethal. Only the heterozygotes su ...
Theoretical perspectives on rapid evolutionary change
... genomic scans have now been published (Akey (2009) reviews 21 genome-wide scans), based on a variety of different metrics, including allele frequency distributions, linkage disequilibria (including extended haplotype methods), and population differentiation (e.g. studies based on Fst ). Regardless o ...
... genomic scans have now been published (Akey (2009) reviews 21 genome-wide scans), based on a variety of different metrics, including allele frequency distributions, linkage disequilibria (including extended haplotype methods), and population differentiation (e.g. studies based on Fst ). Regardless o ...
Quantitative Genetics and Evolution
... the debate between two opposing views on evolution and the mechanism of inheritance (2). According to saltationism evolution was viewed as very fast and an abrupt process visible through the change of Mendelian (simple) traits. Mendelian traits are determined by a single gene with large allelic effe ...
... the debate between two opposing views on evolution and the mechanism of inheritance (2). According to saltationism evolution was viewed as very fast and an abrupt process visible through the change of Mendelian (simple) traits. Mendelian traits are determined by a single gene with large allelic effe ...
Natural Selection and Evolution
... each summer for many years • Documented natural selection • Results described in book “The Beak of the Finch” Thursday, January 17, 2013 ...
... each summer for many years • Documented natural selection • Results described in book “The Beak of the Finch” Thursday, January 17, 2013 ...
Natural Selection or the Non-survival of the Non-fit
... increase of food, and no prudential restraint of marriage. Although some species may be now increasing, more or less rapidly, in numbers, all cannot do so, for the world would not hold them" (p. 46/47). The connection with natural selection is clear: "Natural selection acts solely through the preser ...
... increase of food, and no prudential restraint of marriage. Although some species may be now increasing, more or less rapidly, in numbers, all cannot do so, for the world would not hold them" (p. 46/47). The connection with natural selection is clear: "Natural selection acts solely through the preser ...
Inclusive fitness and the sociobiology of the genome
... a source of endless confusion. For most sociobiologists, kin selection remains, as conceived by Maynard Smith (1964), a social dynamic based on close genealogical association: By kin selection I mean the evolution of characteristics which favour the survival of close relatives of the affected indivi ...
... a source of endless confusion. For most sociobiologists, kin selection remains, as conceived by Maynard Smith (1964), a social dynamic based on close genealogical association: By kin selection I mean the evolution of characteristics which favour the survival of close relatives of the affected indivi ...
A general model of the relation between phenotypic selection and
... from selective forces and heritability - or in the classical quantitative genetic equation: R = h2S. However, data on selection in bird populations show that often no selection response is found, despite consistent selective forces on phenotypes and significant heritable variation. Such discrepancie ...
... from selective forces and heritability - or in the classical quantitative genetic equation: R = h2S. However, data on selection in bird populations show that often no selection response is found, despite consistent selective forces on phenotypes and significant heritable variation. Such discrepancie ...
Fodor `s Bubbe Meise Against Darwinism 1
... intuitions about selection for is, as usual, the counterfactuals (green round marbles would have gone through had there been any) the counterfactuals are covered by, as it were, a very local law whose domain is restricted to this kind of machine. But this strikes my ear as forced, and it’s anyhow un ...
... intuitions about selection for is, as usual, the counterfactuals (green round marbles would have gone through had there been any) the counterfactuals are covered by, as it were, a very local law whose domain is restricted to this kind of machine. But this strikes my ear as forced, and it’s anyhow un ...
A. Directional Selection
... Construct an explanation based on evidence that the process of evolution primarily results from four factors: (1) the potential for a species to increase in number, (2) the heritable genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction, (3) competition for limited re ...
... Construct an explanation based on evidence that the process of evolution primarily results from four factors: (1) the potential for a species to increase in number, (2) the heritable genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction, (3) competition for limited re ...
Origins of evolutionary transitions
... rulebooks by radically reorganizing the terms under which natural selection is played out. It is not therefore surprising that biologists and philosophers have been enraptured for some time now by the set of puzzles that understanding the major transitions presents. If we can explain the process of ...
... rulebooks by radically reorganizing the terms under which natural selection is played out. It is not therefore surprising that biologists and philosophers have been enraptured for some time now by the set of puzzles that understanding the major transitions presents. If we can explain the process of ...
Natural Selection Causes Evolution
... 2. Some of the variation within individuals can be passed on to their offspring 3. Populations of organisms produce more offspring than will survive 4. Survival and reproduction are not random © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... 2. Some of the variation within individuals can be passed on to their offspring 3. Populations of organisms produce more offspring than will survive 4. Survival and reproduction are not random © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Artificial Selection: How Humans Can Sway Nature
... Farmers have also bred plants using artificial selection in a way that is perhaps even more visible than animal breeding. One example is corncobs. Originally, the corn plant’s corncobs were very small and didn’t really provide a good food to eat. By continuously picking out the plants that had th ...
... Farmers have also bred plants using artificial selection in a way that is perhaps even more visible than animal breeding. One example is corncobs. Originally, the corn plant’s corncobs were very small and didn’t really provide a good food to eat. By continuously picking out the plants that had th ...
Natural Selection - Answers in Genesis
... VWDWLVWLFDOWHVWVJHQHWLFGULIWÀQFKHV Introduction Natural selection is a concept popularized by Charles Darwin as a naturalistic explanation for the variety we see in life today and why so many creatures seem perfectly adapted to their environment. He recognized that there is variation in living ...
... VWDWLVWLFDOWHVWVJHQHWLFGULIWÀQFKHV Introduction Natural selection is a concept popularized by Charles Darwin as a naturalistic explanation for the variety we see in life today and why so many creatures seem perfectly adapted to their environment. He recognized that there is variation in living ...
Two Ways of Thinking about Fitness and Natural Selection
... Elliott Sober4 is the author of one influential suggestion about how the theory of evolution accommodates natural selection alongside drift, developmental constraints, architectural constraints, and other such determinants of evolutionary change. He proposes that we should think of the theory of evo ...
... Elliott Sober4 is the author of one influential suggestion about how the theory of evolution accommodates natural selection alongside drift, developmental constraints, architectural constraints, and other such determinants of evolutionary change. He proposes that we should think of the theory of evo ...
Why do individuals 4 and 5 have G rather than B
... virtue of explaining why the fourth member is an offspring of 3, natural selection contributes to the explanation of why the fourth member is a G-individual. What if selection were less than absolute, allowing 2 to generate a few offspring alongside 3? If the fourth member would still be one of 3’s ...
... virtue of explaining why the fourth member is an offspring of 3, natural selection contributes to the explanation of why the fourth member is a G-individual. What if selection were less than absolute, allowing 2 to generate a few offspring alongside 3? If the fourth member would still be one of 3’s ...
Kin selection
Kin selection is the evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction. Kin altruism is altruistic behaviour whose evolution is driven by kin selection. Kin selection is an instance of inclusive fitness, which combines the number of offspring produced with the number an individual can produce by supporting others, such as siblings.Charles Darwin discussed the concept of kin selection in his 1859 book, The Origin of Species, where he reflected on the puzzle of sterile social insects, such as honey bees, which leave reproduction to their sisters, arguing that a selection benefit to related organisms (the same ""stock"") would allow the evolution of a trait that confers the benefit but destroys an individual at the same time. R.A. Fisher in 1930 and J.B.S. Haldane in 1932 set out the mathematics of kin selection, with Haldane famously joking that he would willingly die for two brothers or eight cousins. In 1964, W.D. Hamilton popularised the concept and the major advance in the mathematical treatment of the phenomenon by George R. Price which has become known as ""Hamilton's rule"". In the same year John Maynard Smith used the actual term kin selection for the first time.According to Hamilton's rule, kin selection causes genes to increase in frequency when the genetic relatedness of a recipient to an actor multiplied by the benefit to the recipient is greater than the reproductive cost to the actor. The rule is difficult to test but a study of red squirrels in 2010 found that adoption of orphans by surrogate mothers in the wild occurred only when the conditions of Hamilton's rule were met. Hamilton proposed two mechanisms for kin selection: kin recognition, where individuals are able to identify their relatives, and viscous populations, where dispersal is rare enough for populations to be closely related. The viscous population mechanism makes kin selection and social cooperation possible in the absence of kin recognition. Nurture kinship, the treatment of individuals as kin when they live together, is sufficient for kin selection, given reasonable assumptions about dispersal rates. Kin selection is not the same thing as group selection, where natural selection acts on the group as a whole.In humans, altruism is more likely and on a larger scale with kin than with unrelated individuals; for example, humans give presents according to how closely related they are to the recipient. In other species, vervet monkeys use allomothering, where related females such as older sisters or grandmothers often care for young, according to their relatedness. The social shrimp Synalpheus regalis protects juveniles within highly related colonies.