The Trials of Life: Natural Selection and Random Drift*
... here. We then discuss natural selection. Despite the prevalence of dynamical talk about selection, the statistical interpretation makes more sense on its own terms. In addition, once it is conceded that drift is to be interpreted statistically, only the statistical conception of natural selection ca ...
... here. We then discuss natural selection. Despite the prevalence of dynamical talk about selection, the statistical interpretation makes more sense on its own terms. In addition, once it is conceded that drift is to be interpreted statistically, only the statistical conception of natural selection ca ...
Proceedings of the Pittsburgh Workshop in History - Philsci
... equiprobable distribution represents the case where all organisms in a population have equal fitness. Differences in probabilities represent selection differentials. So we have just illustrated the well known result form biological studies of drift: everything else being equal, the greater the selec ...
... equiprobable distribution represents the case where all organisms in a population have equal fitness. Differences in probabilities represent selection differentials. So we have just illustrated the well known result form biological studies of drift: everything else being equal, the greater the selec ...
Negative frequency-dependent selection is frequently
... dynamics occurring in this framework do not occur because of rare advantage and, in most cases, will not result in a balanced polymorphism. These evolutionary dynamics are more likely the result of directional selection in a continuously changing environment [38–42]. These two processes negative fre ...
... dynamics occurring in this framework do not occur because of rare advantage and, in most cases, will not result in a balanced polymorphism. These evolutionary dynamics are more likely the result of directional selection in a continuously changing environment [38–42]. These two processes negative fre ...
Negative frequency-dependent selection is frequently confounding
... dynamics occurring in this framework do not occur because of rare advantage and, in most cases, will not result in a balanced polymorphism. These evolutionary dynamics are more likely the result of directional selection in a continuously changing environment [38–42]. These two processes negative fre ...
... dynamics occurring in this framework do not occur because of rare advantage and, in most cases, will not result in a balanced polymorphism. These evolutionary dynamics are more likely the result of directional selection in a continuously changing environment [38–42]. These two processes negative fre ...
Please address all correspondence to senior author
... evolutionary theory. 1 It is neatly summarised in Dobzhansky’s discussion of the relation between directed (selection) and random (drift) processes in evolution. The theoretically desirable and rarely achieved aim of investigation is to quantify the respective contributions of the different factors ...
... evolutionary theory. 1 It is neatly summarised in Dobzhansky’s discussion of the relation between directed (selection) and random (drift) processes in evolution. The theoretically desirable and rarely achieved aim of investigation is to quantify the respective contributions of the different factors ...
Artificial selection on flowering time: influence on reproductive
... 2012). Testing artificial selection lines in natural environments permits a thorough evaluation of potential plastic changes in reproductive phenology associated with altered flowering times. Such plastic changes may reduce or magnify the genetic changes that represent correlated responses to selectio ...
... 2012). Testing artificial selection lines in natural environments permits a thorough evaluation of potential plastic changes in reproductive phenology associated with altered flowering times. Such plastic changes may reduce or magnify the genetic changes that represent correlated responses to selectio ...
Multilevel And Sex-Specific Selection On Competitive Traits In North
... rates. The evolutionary consequences of multilevel selection are potentially striking; higher- ...
... rates. The evolutionary consequences of multilevel selection are potentially striking; higher- ...
Group adaptation, formal darwinism and contextual analysis
... For the selection/optimality links to be formally proved, they need to be expressed mathematically. ‘Optimality’ is defined as maximization of the objective function; ‘scope for selection’ and ‘potential for positive selection’ are expressed in terms of the evolutionary change in what Grafen (1985) ...
... For the selection/optimality links to be formally proved, they need to be expressed mathematically. ‘Optimality’ is defined as maximization of the objective function; ‘scope for selection’ and ‘potential for positive selection’ are expressed in terms of the evolutionary change in what Grafen (1985) ...
Predicting Microevolutionary Responses to Directional Selection on
... lem, especially for the study of animals that often disperse illustrate an important assumption in the study of microevoover long distances or live in cryptic (soil) or otherwise large- lution: that the environments experienced during growth to ly inaccessible (marine) habitats. For these and other ...
... lem, especially for the study of animals that often disperse illustrate an important assumption in the study of microevoover long distances or live in cryptic (soil) or otherwise large- lution: that the environments experienced during growth to ly inaccessible (marine) habitats. For these and other ...
Patterns and Power of Phenotypic Selection in Nature
... differ in their survival, fecundity, or mating success. The idea of phenotypic selection traces back to Darwin and Wallace (1858), and selection is widely accepted as the primary cause of adaptive evolution within natural populations. Yet Darwin never attempted to measure selection in nature, and in ...
... differ in their survival, fecundity, or mating success. The idea of phenotypic selection traces back to Darwin and Wallace (1858), and selection is widely accepted as the primary cause of adaptive evolution within natural populations. Yet Darwin never attempted to measure selection in nature, and in ...
Selection against migrants contributes to the
... exchange few genes with their sympatric ancestors (Feder et al., 1988, 1994; Via, 1999; Via et al., 2000). Third, introduced sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) that began adapting to different breeding environments (lake beach vs river) 12–14 generations ago now show limited gene flow despite high ...
... exchange few genes with their sympatric ancestors (Feder et al., 1988, 1994; Via, 1999; Via et al., 2000). Third, introduced sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) that began adapting to different breeding environments (lake beach vs river) 12–14 generations ago now show limited gene flow despite high ...
The Nature and Units of Social Selection
... subset selection also shapes the properties of populations of biological replicators, such as genes, and social replicators, such as habits and routines. In cases where the selection criterion is located at the physical or biological level, such as earthquakes, subset selection does not involve choi ...
... subset selection also shapes the properties of populations of biological replicators, such as genes, and social replicators, such as habits and routines. In cases where the selection criterion is located at the physical or biological level, such as earthquakes, subset selection does not involve choi ...
Truth and Reconciliation for Group Selection
... examples of social adaptations: the good Samaritan, the soldier who heroically dies in battle, the honest person who cannot tell a lie. We admire these virtues and call them social adaptations because they are good for others and for society as a whole--but they are not locally advantageous. Charita ...
... examples of social adaptations: the good Samaritan, the soldier who heroically dies in battle, the honest person who cannot tell a lie. We admire these virtues and call them social adaptations because they are good for others and for society as a whole--but they are not locally advantageous. Charita ...
assessment of parasite-mediated selection in a
... standardized selection gradients, thus making comparison of phenotypic selection among years and species possible. bi represents the average slope of the selection surface in the plane of the character i, and it is computed as the partial regression coefficient in a linear regression of fitness for ...
... standardized selection gradients, thus making comparison of phenotypic selection among years and species possible. bi represents the average slope of the selection surface in the plane of the character i, and it is computed as the partial regression coefficient in a linear regression of fitness for ...
“Adaptation”1
... began appearing, the most important and influential attempt to straighten out the conceptual confusions involved in various recent uses and misuses of terms like “adaptation” and “fitness” was G. C. Williams’ Adaptation and Natural Selection (Williams 1966). Williams’ main concern was to bring about ...
... began appearing, the most important and influential attempt to straighten out the conceptual confusions involved in various recent uses and misuses of terms like “adaptation” and “fitness” was G. C. Williams’ Adaptation and Natural Selection (Williams 1966). Williams’ main concern was to bring about ...
Pollinatormediated selection and experimental manipulation of the
... two pollinia (pollen in agglutinated masses). The column (androecium, style and stigmas fused) of C. bletioides is red and has two nectar channels at its base (Fig. 1c and d). Despite the showy spots, the conspicuous lamellae on the labellum, and the nectar channels of flowers, this orchid – as other ...
... two pollinia (pollen in agglutinated masses). The column (androecium, style and stigmas fused) of C. bletioides is red and has two nectar channels at its base (Fig. 1c and d). Despite the showy spots, the conspicuous lamellae on the labellum, and the nectar channels of flowers, this orchid – as other ...
Using Artificial Selection to Understand Plastic Plant Phenotypes1
... environments believed to select for ‘‘C’’ as compared with ‘‘S’’ life-history strategies (Stanton et al., 2004). Their initial selection study, conducted in a greenhouse, used eight replicate sets of seeds, all sampled originally from a single natural population of the wild mustard Sinapis arvensis, ...
... environments believed to select for ‘‘C’’ as compared with ‘‘S’’ life-history strategies (Stanton et al., 2004). Their initial selection study, conducted in a greenhouse, used eight replicate sets of seeds, all sampled originally from a single natural population of the wild mustard Sinapis arvensis, ...
Sexspecific selection on energy metabolism selection coefficients for
... site: (Moller, 2007); metabolic rate: (Boratynski & Koteja, 2009)]. The differential selection between the sexes could potentially contribute to the additive genetic variation of a trait like BMR, previously shown to be highly heritable ...
... site: (Moller, 2007); metabolic rate: (Boratynski & Koteja, 2009)]. The differential selection between the sexes could potentially contribute to the additive genetic variation of a trait like BMR, previously shown to be highly heritable ...
Direct fitness or inclusive fitness: How shall we model kin selection?
... breeders and consider a cooperative interaction between random offspring. An actor will have three categories of fitness effects: on itself (the cost c), on its partner (the benefit b) and on others who experience increased competitive effects due to the extra products of the cooperation. Note that ...
... breeders and consider a cooperative interaction between random offspring. An actor will have three categories of fitness effects: on itself (the cost c), on its partner (the benefit b) and on others who experience increased competitive effects due to the extra products of the cooperation. Note that ...
1 to appear in R. Singh, D. Paul, C. Krimbas, and J. Beatty (eds
... the more recent paper, they “turn critics.” Should fitness be defined in terms of a one-generation time frame -- why focus on expected number of offspring, rather than grandoffspring, or more distant descendants still? And is the concept of mathematical expectation the right one to use? The details ...
... the more recent paper, they “turn critics.” Should fitness be defined in terms of a one-generation time frame -- why focus on expected number of offspring, rather than grandoffspring, or more distant descendants still? And is the concept of mathematical expectation the right one to use? The details ...
Natural Selection, Variation, Adaptation, and Evolution: A Primer of
... Breeder’s equation: the classic description of the relationship between selection (change, S, in population mean within a generation due to differential survival) and the change in trait mean between generations (response, R). These two are linearly related by the heritability (h2) as R ¼ h2 S. Resp ...
... Breeder’s equation: the classic description of the relationship between selection (change, S, in population mean within a generation due to differential survival) and the change in trait mean between generations (response, R). These two are linearly related by the heritability (h2) as R ¼ h2 S. Resp ...
full text pdf
... removes or selects impurities by blocking their way while, at the same time, allowing the rest to pass through (or vice versa, like gold miners; see section 3). But a filter which allows everything to pass through is not a filter at all. Unauthenticated Download Date | 6/16/17 8:11 AM ...
... removes or selects impurities by blocking their way while, at the same time, allowing the rest to pass through (or vice versa, like gold miners; see section 3). But a filter which allows everything to pass through is not a filter at all. Unauthenticated Download Date | 6/16/17 8:11 AM ...
Aalborg Universitet The reason why profitable firms do not necessarily grow
... and the indirect effects on that characteristic of (artificial) selection working on other characteristics. To confront this difficulty the Chicago School has provided two new tools (under the assumption of multivariate normal distribution; otherwise things get complex). The first tool is the vector ...
... and the indirect effects on that characteristic of (artificial) selection working on other characteristics. To confront this difficulty the Chicago School has provided two new tools (under the assumption of multivariate normal distribution; otherwise things get complex). The first tool is the vector ...
philosophy of biology - Carol Eunmi LEE
... census size is not cut precisely in half in the passage from egg to adult. And we say that the probability that heterozygote parents will produce a heterozygote offspring is 0.5 even though we know that some such matings yield frequencies of heterozygotes that differ from 0.5. If we are describing a ...
... census size is not cut precisely in half in the passage from egg to adult. And we say that the probability that heterozygote parents will produce a heterozygote offspring is 0.5 even though we know that some such matings yield frequencies of heterozygotes that differ from 0.5. If we are describing a ...
Kin selection
Kin selection is the evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction. Kin altruism is altruistic behaviour whose evolution is driven by kin selection. Kin selection is an instance of inclusive fitness, which combines the number of offspring produced with the number an individual can produce by supporting others, such as siblings.Charles Darwin discussed the concept of kin selection in his 1859 book, The Origin of Species, where he reflected on the puzzle of sterile social insects, such as honey bees, which leave reproduction to their sisters, arguing that a selection benefit to related organisms (the same ""stock"") would allow the evolution of a trait that confers the benefit but destroys an individual at the same time. R.A. Fisher in 1930 and J.B.S. Haldane in 1932 set out the mathematics of kin selection, with Haldane famously joking that he would willingly die for two brothers or eight cousins. In 1964, W.D. Hamilton popularised the concept and the major advance in the mathematical treatment of the phenomenon by George R. Price which has become known as ""Hamilton's rule"". In the same year John Maynard Smith used the actual term kin selection for the first time.According to Hamilton's rule, kin selection causes genes to increase in frequency when the genetic relatedness of a recipient to an actor multiplied by the benefit to the recipient is greater than the reproductive cost to the actor. The rule is difficult to test but a study of red squirrels in 2010 found that adoption of orphans by surrogate mothers in the wild occurred only when the conditions of Hamilton's rule were met. Hamilton proposed two mechanisms for kin selection: kin recognition, where individuals are able to identify their relatives, and viscous populations, where dispersal is rare enough for populations to be closely related. The viscous population mechanism makes kin selection and social cooperation possible in the absence of kin recognition. Nurture kinship, the treatment of individuals as kin when they live together, is sufficient for kin selection, given reasonable assumptions about dispersal rates. Kin selection is not the same thing as group selection, where natural selection acts on the group as a whole.In humans, altruism is more likely and on a larger scale with kin than with unrelated individuals; for example, humans give presents according to how closely related they are to the recipient. In other species, vervet monkeys use allomothering, where related females such as older sisters or grandmothers often care for young, according to their relatedness. The social shrimp Synalpheus regalis protects juveniles within highly related colonies.