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Evolutionary Search on Fitness Landscapes with Neutral Networks
Evolutionary Search on Fitness Landscapes with Neutral Networks

... In the field of search and optimisation every theorist and practitioner should be aware of the socalled No Free Lunch Theorems (Wolpert & Macready, 1997) which imply that given any optimisation algorithm, should that algorithm perform better than random search on some class of problems, then there i ...
Reconceptualising Evolution by Natural Selection
Reconceptualising Evolution by Natural Selection

... This thesis examines the theoretical and philosophical underpinnings of the concept of natural selection which is pervasively invoked in biology and other ‘evolutionary’ domains. Although what constitutes the process of natural selection appears to be very intuitive (natural selection results from e ...
Synthetic analyses of phenotypic selection in natural
Synthetic analyses of phenotypic selection in natural

... (potentially correlated) traits to variation in relative fitness (or fitness components: see below) among individuals in a population. The linear (s) and quadratic (g) selection differentials estimate the total selection on the trait via simple univariate regression, reflecting both direct selection ...
Soft and hard selection on plant defence traits in Arabidopsis thaliana
Soft and hard selection on plant defence traits in Arabidopsis thaliana

... We present unstandardized selection gradients rather than standardized selection gradients for two reasons. First, our goal is to compare hard and soft selection for the same trait, rather than to compare the strength of natural selection on traits measured in different units. Second, the standard d ...
Disruptive Selection in Natural Populations: The
Disruptive Selection in Natural Populations: The

... Testing Prediction 1: Testing for Disruptive Selection We evaluated the relationship between fitness and trophic morphology in a natural pond by measuring three proxies of fitness: survival, developmental stage, and body size. (The latter two likely serve as reliable proxies for fitness: there is a ...
Chapter 6: Natural selection on phenotypes
Chapter 6: Natural selection on phenotypes

... Disruptive selection is potentially important because it can maintain phenotypic and genetic variation in the short term, and could result in adaptive differentiation and even speciation if the two phenotypic extremes become reproductively isolated. However, there is little strong evidence for disru ...
Truth and Reconciliation for Group Selection
Truth and Reconciliation for Group Selection

... In this passage, Darwin clearly demonstrates his awareness that a) moral behaviors are locally disadvantageous or at best deliver no advantage, compared to less moral individuals within the same group, and b) moral behaviors expressed within groups can be decisively advantageous in between-group com ...
A mutualistic approach to morality: The evolution of fairness by
A mutualistic approach to morality: The evolution of fairness by

... Humans don’t just cooperate. They cooperate in a great variety of quite specific ways and have strong views in each case on how it should be done (with substantial cultural variations). In collective actions aimed at a common goal, there is a right way to share the benefits: Those who have contributed ...
Group adaptation, formal darwinism and contextual analysis
Group adaptation, formal darwinism and contextual analysis

... frequency of any gene is given by the covariance between the frequency of that gene in an agent and the agent’s relative fitness. The first part of this is intuitive – nonzero variance in fitness implies that natural selection can operate; the second part follows from the Price equation with the sec ...
here - Imedea
here - Imedea

... Balearic Islands, Spain ...
Chapter 6
Chapter 6

... and Robertson’s theorems are wrong, but rather that they often are reasonable to excellent approximations for much (but not all) of the dynamics of a trait under short-term selection. Our treatment of this rather convoluted area is structured as follows. We start with Price’s theorem, which is a com ...
Evolution leads to Kantian morality - Society for the Advancement of
Evolution leads to Kantian morality - Society for the Advancement of

... we found that evolution under certain conditions favors a class of preferences that we called homo moralis (Alger and Weibull, 2013).1 We derived this result in a model where individuals interact in pairs. Homo moralis then attaches some weight to his material self-interest but also to what is “the ...
Perfect Strain Teachers Guide DGBL 2015-08.indd
Perfect Strain Teachers Guide DGBL 2015-08.indd

... to the hole in the ozone layer over the North Pole the area is heavily irradiated with UV, making bacteria that resist these effects necessary. The desired strain for this mission is bacteria with antibiotic resistance. Players will be introduced to the theme and basic mechanics of the game. They wi ...
Hamilton`s rule
Hamilton`s rule

... represents the ‘cost’ it imposes on the actor, and r represents the ‘relatedness’ between actors and recipients. Note that, although talk of ‘costs’ and ‘benefits’ intuitively connotes that costs will detract from an agent’s fitness while benefits increase it, this need not be the case: the rule is ...
full text pdf
full text pdf

... fertility also allows them to find a partner whenever they want. Suppose that a couple from the original group has the ability to metabolize food twice as fast, increasing, consequently, their time to procreate, search for food, etc. The genes from this couple will spread faster than the rest. Nonet ...
Pfennig and Kingsolver
Pfennig and Kingsolver

... added). Thus, Darwin recognized that no theory of evolution would be complete if it failed to provide a plausible mechanism that could explain how living things change over evolutionary time. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection provided such a mechanism. Yet, Darwin’s theory goes beyon ...
Natural Selection, Variation, Adaptation, and Evolution: A Primer of
Natural Selection, Variation, Adaptation, and Evolution: A Primer of

... Adaptation: (1) the process by which the characteristics of a population of individuals change over generations in response to natural selection in such a way as to better fit the organisms to their environment; (2) a trait that increases the fitness of individuals that possess it relative to other ...
Koinophilia - Current Science
Koinophilia - Current Science

... molecular evolution to proceed without hindrance. The high rate of mitochondrial mutation, relative to genomic DNA, could be, at least partly, on account of the cryptic nature of mitochondrial mutations33. Using a stochastic computer model, it has been demonstrated that koinophilia can contribute to ...
The Evolutionary Biology of Decision Making
The Evolutionary Biology of Decision Making

... Decisions-broadly defined here as the results of an evaluation of possible options-can take a variety of forms, including both inferences and preferences. Inferences go beyond the information given to make predictions about the state of the world; for instance, knowing the color ofa fruit, can a dec ...
Why do individuals 4 and 5 have G rather than B
Why do individuals 4 and 5 have G rather than B

... virtue of explaining why the fourth member is an offspring of 3, natural selection contributes to the explanation of why the fourth member is a G-individual. What if selection were less than absolute, allowing 2 to generate a few offspring alongside 3? If the fourth member would still be one of 3’s ...
The genetical theory of multilevel selection - synergy
The genetical theory of multilevel selection - synergy

... genetic value with fitness, taken across all individuals in the population. Firstly, spurious correlations between heritable traits and nongenetic aspects of individual quality may drive genetic changes that should not be conflated with the action of natural selection (Taylor, 1990). Secondly, if of ...
The genetical theory of multilevel selection
The genetical theory of multilevel selection

... genetic value with fitness, taken across all individuals in the population. Firstly, spurious correlations between heritable traits and nongenetic aspects of individual quality may drive genetic changes that should not be conflated with the action of natural selection (Taylor, 1990). Secondly, if of ...
assessment of parasite-mediated selection in a
assessment of parasite-mediated selection in a

... standardized selection gradients, thus making comparison of phenotypic selection among years and species possible. bi represents the average slope of the selection surface in the plane of the character i, and it is computed as the partial regression coefficient in a linear regression of fitness for ...
The role of weak selection and high mutation rates in nearly neutral
The role of weak selection and high mutation rates in nearly neutral

War and peace: social interactions in infections
War and peace: social interactions in infections

... individual’s genes on the fitness of its social partners, weighted by genetic relatedness [24,26,48]. Cooperation may be mutually beneficial if it directly benefits the actor as well as the recipients, for example, by increasing the success of an individual’s own group (table 1). More extreme acts o ...
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Co-operation (evolution)

Cooperation in evolution is the process where groups of organisms work or act together for common or mutual benefits. It is commonly defined as any adaptation that has evolved, at least in part, to increase the reproductive success of the actor’s social partners. For example, territorial choruses by male lions discourage intruders and are likely to benefit all contributors. This process contrasts with intragroup competition where individuals work against each other for selfish reasons. Cooperation exists not only in humans but in animals as well. The diversity of taxa that exhibits cooperation is quite large, ranging from zebra herds to pied babblers to African elephants. Many animal and plant species cooperate with both members of their own species and with members of other species.
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