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Reading Pages 136-141, and 143: Topics to focus on— 1. List 4 ions that need to cross the membrane. Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl2. List 4 other items that have to pass the membrane. Sugars, amino acids, nutrients, waste leaves, O2, CO2 3. Define and explain selectively permeable. Take up some items and exclude others—does not let all things pass—dependent on structure of molecule 4. Is the membrane hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Hydrophobic 5. Define transport protein. Do transport proteins have specificity? Tunnel to allow hydrophilic items to pass the membrane that cannot get through the lipid bilayer—very specific (allow glucose but not fructose) 6. Define and explain diffusion. Molecules spread out into available space—random for each molecule but directional for population of molecules 7. What is dynamic equilibrium? When is it reached? What does this mean for transport? Both solutions have equal concentrations—the same amount is moving in one direction as in the other direction 8. Define concentration gradient. When molecules want to move from high concentration to low concentration—difference in concentrations over an area 9. What direction of concentration gradient does a substance move (up or down)? Explain. Down because it wants to spread out 10. Disorder Define entropy. 11. Define passive transport. Diffusion across a membrane NO ENERGY expended (Ex. Water) 12. Define hypertonic, isotopic, and hypotonic. Hypertonic-Higher concentration of solutes Hypotonic-Lower concentration of solutes Isotonic-equal concentration of solutes 13. Understand the example of distilled water, tap water, and seawater. Distilled water is hypotonic is tap water. Tap water is then hypertonic to the distilled water. Tap water is hypotonic to seawater. Seawater is hypertonic to tap water. Distilled water is hypotonic to seawater. Seawater is hypertonic to distilled water. 14. Define osmosis. Diffusion of WATER across a selectively permeable membrane—passive transport (no energy) 15. How do cells WITHOUT cell walls react in: a. Hypertonic solutions b. Hypotonic solutions c. Isotonic solutions 16. How do cells WITH cell walls react in: a. Hypertonic solutions b. Hypotonic solutions c. Isotonic solutions 17. Understand Figure 8.11. 18. Define osmoregulation. Control of water balance—needed for organisms that live in hyper or hypo environments 19. Define turgid. Firm—slight expansion of water going in 20. Define flaccid. Limp—wilted—in isotonic solution for plants 21. Define plasmolysis. Membrane pulls away from the cell wall—shriveled—lethal to the plant—in hypertonic solution 22. Difference between facilitated and active. Facilitated: transport proteins helping ions and polar molecules across the membrane—passive bc its still DOWN the conc. gradient Active: using energy to pump a molecule across a membrance UP its concentration gradient (use ATP for the energy) 23. Define exocytosis. Secrete macromolecules by fusion of vesicles (from the golgi) with the membrane 24. Define endocytosis. Take in macromolecules—form new vesicles from the membrane to the destination 25. Define phagocytosis. Type of endocytosis—engulf or eat large molecules 26. Define pinocytosis. Type of endocytosis—gulp or drink fluid or solutes