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Chapter 4 BSCS Green Sections 4.7 – 4.12 Name___________________ Date_________ Hour_____ 1. The ‘central’ element for life on Earth is:________________. 2. Name these 5 important elements to life: SPONCH 3. Organic chemistry is build around the ability of carbon to bond ____times and form chain molecules and/or _______ molecules. 4. The four basic types of organic macromolecules present in life are:_________ 5. How are large starch molecules made in a cell?__________________________ 6. What type of macromolecule are enzymes?___________________________ 7. What are the roles of nucleic acids?__________________________________ 8. Where do you get the molecules you need for life?_______________________ 9. Name two single sugar molecules:__________________________________ 10. How is a double sugar formed in a cell?________________________________ 11. Monosaccharides are :___________________ 12. Disaccharides are:____________________ 13. Polysaccharides are: ____________________________ 14. Starches are used as:______________________________________ 15. Cellulose is a polysaccharide used by plants to:_________________________ 16. What is glycogen?____________________________________ 17. What elements are present in lipids?____________ 18. Lipids are formed in cells by joining _____ fatty acid molecules with ____ glycerol molecule. 19. Three examples of lipids are:_______________________________ 20. A gram of fat (lipid) contains more than ________ as much __________ as a gram of carbohydrate. 21. Protein molecules form cell ________________, ______________ and ______________ tissue. 22. Proteins are massive molecules (thousands of covalently bonded atoms) made up of sub-units called ___________ __________. 23. There are _______ different amino acids that are used to make the proteins of life. 24. Green plants can ________________ (produce) their own amino acids but animals need to get their essential amino acids by __________________ them. 25. A __________________ is formed when two amino acids are linked together. Diagram glyclyalanine here: 26. A polypeptide is a long chain of ____________ ________ linked together in a specific order. 27. How many amino acids are linked together in the polypeptide illustrated in 4.18 (b)?_________ 28. Polypeptide chains are coiled and folded into complex ___________________ shapes. The shape of a protein is very critical to its ___________________. 29. The thousands of different enzymes control and direct thousands of different life sustaining ____________ ______________ in all the different species. 30. Enzymes promote (catalyze) the chemical reactions in living cells BUT they are not ________ _____ during the reactions. 31. Why are only small amounts of enzyme needed by cells? 32. Draw Figure 4.20 (a) below and label its parts. 33. Different enzymes are catalysts for either ________________ or _________________ reactions. 34. In a synthesis reaction the enzyme ____________ together two smaller molecules and forms one larger molecule. 35. In decomposition (or digestion) reactions the enzyme reacts with the ____________ molecules and splits it into ______ or more smaller molecules. 36. Lactose is the double sugar (disaccharide) present in milk. If a person inherits the DNA instructions to make the enzyme lactase they are able to digest lactose. If a person does not have the correct DNA instruction they are lactose intolerant. The products of this reaction are glucose and galactose – two simple sugars. Using the decomposition reaction in figure 4.21 as an example, draw and illustrate the digestion of a lactose sugar molecule. Color and label each molecule based upon the reading above. 36. What two abiotic factors in a cell can affect the rate at which enzymes perform their specific reactions?__________________ and ________________ 37. If you run a high fever for an extended period of time, what effect does it have on your enzymes? 38. DNA is _________________________________________________. It is the chemical of __________________. It controls all of the cell’s activities and determines its _____________________. 38. RNA is ______________________________________. RNA works under the direction of DNA and it is required by a cell to manufacture its _______________ molecules. 39. DNA and RNA are made up of smaller molecules (sub-units) called ________________. 40. The coding of DNA and RNA is slightly different. The 5 carbon sugars are different and the nitrogen bases are different. All of the beautiful varieties of life are coded by sequences of these nitrogen bases in the beautiful coiled ______________ helix of DNA. So DNA is really ‘kool’.