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Transcript
Chapter 2.1 ~ VOCABULARY Vocabulary atom nucleus electron element isotope compound Ionic bond ion Covalent bond molecule Vanderwaals force Definition Picture Chapter 2.2 Vocabulary Vocabulary cohesion Adhesion mixture Solution Solute Solvent Suspension pH scale Acid Base Buffer Definition Picture Chapter 2.3 Vocabulary Vocabulary Monomer Polymer Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Polysaccharide Lipid Nucleic acid Nucleotide Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Protein Amino Acid Definition Picture Chapter 2.4 Vocabulary Vocabulary Chemical Reactions Reactants Products Activation energy Catalyst Enzyme Substrate Definition Picture Ch. 2.1 - Chemistry of Life Atoms •_____________________ –Protons ( ___ ) –Neutrons ( _________________) •Orbit –___________________ ( - ) How you may see them drawn…. Periodic Table •Used to organize _______________________ •Atomic number - # of ______________________ •Atomic Mass - Protons + neutrons Valence Electrons •Valence e- = __________________________ •Octet rule: –Atoms want ________________ electron in valence shell…. Elements •1 type of ____________________ –Ex •Sodium, ______________________, Silver, Gold •1 or 2 letter symbol Isotopes •Same element but different number of ___________________________ •Identified by _________________ # •Breaks down consistently over time •Ex. Carbon 14 Chemical Reactions •The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are known as __________________________. Na + Cl NaCl _________________ ________________ •The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are known as ___________________________. Energy Changes • Exothermic o Chemical reactions that _________________________ often occur spontaneously. Endothermic o Chemical reactions that ___________________________ will not occur without a source of energy. Activation Energy (Ea) ___________________ that is needed to get a reaction started Catalysts (enzymes) •Some chemical reactions are __________________________ or have high activation energies. –These chemical reactions are made possible by ___________________. Catalysts (enzymes) Substrates •Work like a ____________________________ •VERY PICKY - Only catalyze specific reactions Enzyme Products Enzyme – Substrate Complex Regulation of Enzyme Activity •Can be affected by: –__________________ •Most only work best at certain pH levels, that’s why _____________ are important at keeping pH levels stable. –_______________________________ •Most enzymes work best at temperatures that are optimum for the organism to survive –Ex. Us – 37 ˚C –Regulation by cells themselves Chemical Compounds •Combo of 2 or more ____________________________ •Expressed in formulas Na + Cl NaCl •Chemical properties of compound are______________________________ than original elements Bonds •Ionic –________________ e- •Covalent –________________ e–Forms a molecule –Ex. NaCl Attractions •Van der Waals force –Slight ___________________ between two molecules –_________________________________________________________________________. Ch. 2.2 - Water ****** MOST ABUNDANT COMPOUND IN LIVING THINGS! ****** ICE o ICE floats because _______________________________________ than water o ______________________________ bodies of water during winter so things don’t die off o ______________________________ as it freezes pH of water o __________________________ sooooo….. Not an acid… Not a base….. Water is ____________________________! Polarity of water o Polar Means ___________________________ distribution of electrons between oxygen and Hydrogen. o Cohesion __________________ molecules sticking to ____________________ molecules o Adhesion ______________________________ molecules sticking to __________________________________ What holds water molecules together ???? o Magic! No, just kidding…. ___________________________ bonds _________________________ bonds _________________________ broken Ch. 2.3 - Macromolecules Macromolecules •Macro = __________________________ •Micro = ___________________________ •_____________________________________ –1000’s 100,000’s of molecules How are molecules joined together? •_________________________________ –hooks molecules together •Join _______________________(molecule)to make ___________________ (macromolecule) Types of Macromolecules •C – _____________________ (Carbs) •L – ______________________ (fats) Carl Likes Nose Piercings •N – _____________________ ( DNA, RNA) •P – ______________________ (meats etc…) Carbohydrates •C:H:O •___________________________________ –Simple sugar •Ex. Monosaccharide (single sugar) •___________________________________ –Starch •Ex. Polysaccharide ( more than one sugar) •Functions –_____________________________ –structure Lipids •C, H, O •Monomer –___________________ •_______________________ –Fats, oils, waxes •Function –_____________________________ –______________________________ –Insulation –_____________________________ covering Nucleic Acids •H, O, N, C, P •Monomer –______________________________ •Polymer –______________________________ •Function –Storage and transmition of _________________________ Proteins makeup •C,H,O,N •Monomers –______________________________ •More than 20 a.a. in nature •Polymer –Proteins •Ex. Enzymes, muscles Function •______________________ –Nails –Hair •Transportation –Hemoglobin •______________________ –Muscle •Defense –Antibodies •Regulation of cell function –___________________, enzymes Primary Structure of Proteins •Four levels of organization (structure) –________________________ –________________________ –________________________ - ________________________ Secondary Tertiary Quatranary Enzymes – a type of protein How it works: - ____________________________ binds to active site - Fits like a _______________ and __________________ - Remains bound until reaction is complete - Enzyme then _________________ to start process again Enzyme – Substrate Complex Ch. 2.4 - pH, Solutions and Suspensions Solutions Mixture of ________ things Don’t “_______________________ ” combine – just ________________________ Includes a _______________________ - solid _______________________ – liquid WATER – strongest solvent in the world! Suspension ______________________ + solid No dissolving occurs Particles can ______________________ on bottom Acid Forms _______________________ ions in solution Means ______________________________ ions than pure ______________________ Base Forms ______________ ions in solution _________________________ ions than pure water How to measure strength/weakness of acids and bases pH scale Scale of ___________________________ __________________________________ 0 – 6.9 is __________________________ 7.1 – 14 is _________________________ Buffers ______________________________ the pH of a solution _______________________________________________ Usually a weak base or acid Reacts w/ strong acids or bases to prevent sudden changes Chapter 2.1- Guided Reading Atoms 1. The basic unit of matter is an ___________________. 2. The subatomic particles that make up atoms are __________________________________. a. __________________has a negative charge b. __________________has no charge c. __________________has a positive charge Elements and ______________________ 3. A pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom is a _____________________. a. They are represented by __________or __________ letter symbols. b. The number of _________________ in an atom represent its __________________. c. If an atom has 4 protons, it will have __________electrons. 4. Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain are known as __________________________. a. They are identified by their __________________________. b. Because they have the same number of electrons, all ___________________ of an element have the same chemical _____________________. 5. ________________________________ have nuclei that are unstable and break down at a constant rate over time. a. ___________________________ are used to determine the age of rocks and fossils. Chemical ________________________ 6. In nature, most ____________________ are found combined with other elements. a. A chemical ____________________ is a substance formed by two or more ________________________. i. Write down an example:____________________ b. The ________________________ and _____________________ properties of a compound are very ______________________ from the elements that make it up. Chemical Bonds 7. Most compounds are held together by ________________________________. a. The two main types are i. ________________________ 1. When one or more electrons are _____________________from one ________________ to another. ii. ________________________ 1. When __________________ are shared between _________________. b. When atoms are joined together by ____________________________, then a ______________________ is formed. i. Write down an example:_________________________ 8. ______________________________ is an attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules. NOT A BOND – JUST AN ATTRACTION. Chapter 2.2 Guided Reading Properties of _____________________ 1. Water is the single most abundant _____________________ in most living things. 2. Water ___________________as it freezes. a. Makes _______________less dense than _______________ b. This explains why ice __________________. 3. Water molecules have a ________________________charge. 4. A water molecule is __________________________ because there is an uneven distribution of ________________________between the _______________________ and __________________________atoms. 5. Because of their partial ____________________and ___________________charges, polar molecules like water can ____________________each other. a. The attraction between the __________________atom on one water molecule and the _____________________atom on another water molecule is an example of a _________________________ ________________________. 6. ____________________________is an attraction between molecules of the __________________ substance. 7. ____________________________is an attraction between molecules of _______________________ substances. Solutions and _____________________ 8. A _______________________ is a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are ________________________mixed together but not ___________________combined. 9. All the components of a _______________________ are __________________ distributed throughout the solution. 10. The solid is called the ________________________and the liquid is called the ________________________. 11. Mixture of ______________________and non-dissolved material is known as a ________________________________. Acids, ____________________, and pH 12. Chemists devised a measurement system called the _______________________ to indicate the concentration of _____________ _______________ in a solution a. The range on the scale goes from __________ to _____________. b. Neutral is ________________; ________________is a neutral substance. c. The lower range on the scale represents _________________while the upper range on the scale represents _________________. 13. ______________________ solutions contain higher concentrations of __________ions than pure water. 14. _______________________solutions contain lower concentrations of ___________ions than pure water. Chapter 2.3 Guided Reading The Chemistry of _________________________ 1. Carbon atoms have ______________ ________________ electrons. 2. _______________________ has the ability to form millions of different large and complex structures. Macromolecules 3. Macromolecules means _______________________ ________________________. 4. Macromolecules are made from _________________________ or even hundreds of thousands of ___________________ ______________________. 5. The smaller units are called __________________________. They join together to form ___________________________. 6. ___________________________are formed in a process called ___________________________. 7. Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are a. __________________________ c. _________________________ b. __________________________ d. _________________________ Carbohydrates 8. _________________________ are compounds made up of _________________, Hydrogen, and _______________________ atoms in a ratio of ____:____:____. 9. Living things use ______________________ as their main source of ___________________. Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for ___________________ _________________. 10. Single sugar molecules are also called _________________________. 11. The large macromolecule formed from __________________________ are known as ___________________________. Lipids 12. _______________are not soluble in __________________. 13. Lipids can be used to store _________________________. Some are important parts of __________________________ ________________________ and waterproof coverings. Nucleic Acids 14. Nucleic Acids are ______________________________ containing ____________________, oxygen, _________________________, ________________________, and phosphorus. 15. Nucleic Acids are _____________________ assembled from individual _______________________ known as _____________________. 16. Nucleic Acids ____________________and ____________________ genetic information. a. Two kinds i. _____________________________________ ii. _____________________________________ 17. Nucleotides consist of three parts: _____________________,___________________,______________________ Proteins 18. Proteins are ________________________that contain nitrogen, _________________, ______________________, and ___________________. \ 19. Proteins are polymers of molecules called __________________ __________________. 20. More than _______different amino acids are found in nature. 21. Some ____________________control the rate of ________________________ and __________________________cell processes. Some are used to form bone and __________________. Others transport substances into and out of _____________________. Chapter 2.4 Guided Reading Chemical Reactions 1. A _____________________________is a process that changes one set of _____________________into another set of _______________________. 2. The elements or compounds that _________________ into a chemical reaction are known as ________________________. 3. The elements or compounds ____________________ by a chemical reaction are known as ______________________. 4. Chemical reactions always involves the __________________of bonds in _______________________ and the formation of new bonds in _______________________. Energy in ___________________ 5. Some chemical reactions _________________energy and other reactions __________________energy. 6. Chemical reactions that release energy often occur _____________________. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of ____________________. 7. Chemists call the energy that is needed to get a reaction started the ________________ _________________. Enzymes 8. Some chemical reactions that make life possible are too ___________ or have activation energies that are too ____________ to make them practical for living tissue. 9. A _____________________ is a substance that _________________ up the rate of a chemical reaction. 10. Enzymes are __________________ that act as biological _____________________. 11. ________________________ speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells. Enzyme ________________ 12. 13. 14. 15. Enzymes provide a _________________ where reactants can be brought together to react. The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are known as _______________________. The substrate binds to a site called the _________________ __________________. The fit is so precise that the ________________ _______________ and ____________________ are often compared to a ________________ and _________________. 16. Enzymes work best at certain ___________ ______________. Many Enzymes are affected by __________________ in ____________________. 17. Match the following terms to the proper letters: ______ Reactants c ______ Products ______ Activation energy (without enzyme) ______Activation energy (with enzyme) a d b Atoms Webquest http://alturl.com/rzu3u This activity will help you to explore the basic unit of all matter, the atom. Answer the following questions by searching through the website…… PROTONS 1. Where is the proton found in an atom? ____________________________________________________ 2. What charge do protons have? __________________________________________________________ 3. What makes up the atomic number of an atom?______________________________________________ 4. What does removing a proton from an an element do? ________________________________________ NEUTRONS 5. Where is the neutron found in an atom? ___________________________________________________ 6. What charge do neutrons have? __________________________________________________________ 7. What makes up the atomic mass of an element? _____________________________________________ 8. Does adding or removing a neutron create another atom? ______________________________________ ELECTRONS 9. Where is the electron found in an atom? ____________________________________________________ 10. What charge do electrons have? _________________________________________________________ 11. The number of electrons in an atom are always equal to what? _________________________________ 12. How do you create an ion? ______________________________________________________________ 13. What does removing an electron do to an element?___________________________________________ 14. The sodium ion (Na) atomic mass is found by doing what? _____________________________________ 15. Sodium’s atomic number is ______________________________. PERIODIC TABLE 16. Atomic number of He (Helium): ________________ 17. Atomic mass of O (Oxygen): _______________ 18. Atomic number of Li (Lithium): _________________ 19. Atomic mass of N (Nitrogen): ____________ 20. Atomic number of C (Carbon): __________________ Water Olympics! Pole Vaulting: Over the Top! How many pennies do you think you’ll be able to add before the water spills over? ________ Hypothesis: __________________________________________________________________________ Materials: plastic cup water pennies paper towels to clean up Procedure: 1. Put the cup on a folded paper towel to catch the water when it overflows. 2. Fill a clear plastic cup with water until it is even with the rim. (This is very important!!) 3. Add pennies, one at a time. (Be careful not to splash!) 4. Keep track of how many pennies you add. 5. Continue until the water spills over the side. 6. Record your results below. 7. Repeat this procedure until everyone has completed this experiment. Then get the mean (average) of the class. 8. Clean up this activity What are your constants? _____________________________________________________ What is your dependent variable? _______________________________________________ What is your independent variable?______________________________________________ What properties of water helped it behave the way it did? _______________________________________ Results: How many pennies did you add before the water spilled? _______ Class mean? _______ The Balance Beam: A Penny for your Thoughts! How many drops of water do you think you’ll be able to put on a penny (head side faced up)? ________ Hypothesis: __________________________________________________________________________ Materials: penny eye dropper beaker to hold the water paper towel to wipe up the spills and to dry off the penny to repeat the procedure. Procedure: 1. Place a penny on the table top with the face side up 2. Using an eye dropper, place as many drops of water on the penny without spilling over the edge. (It is VERY important to have the water droplets to be the same size!) 3. Continue until water spills over. 4. Record your results below. 5. Repeat this procedure until everyone has completed this experiment. Then get the mean of your groups results. 6. Clean up this activity What are your constants? _____________________________________________________ What is your dependent variable? _______________________________________________ What is your independent variable?______________________________________________ Results: How many drops were placed on the head side before the water spilled? _____ Class mean? ________ Enzyme Tutorial Use the buttons on the movie to watch the animation. Make sure to answer the questions as you navigate through the website. Go to http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html to start the lab. ALL ABOUT ENZYMES: 1. What macromolecule are enzymes? ____________________________ 2. What do enzymes do to chemical reactions in your body? _______________________. Next 3. How many types of reactions can a specific enzyme help? _______________________. Next 4. Is an enzyme changed after it catalyzes a reaction? ___________________________. 5. Can an enzyme catalyze another reaction after it has completed one? _____________. Next 6. When an enzyme is used on a single molecule over and over again, what can it build? _____________________________. Next 7. What two things can sometimes change the shape and effectiveness of an enzyme? __________________________ __________________________ 8. What is it called when the enzyme is made less effective of even useless? ____________________________. Next On the enzyme menu, select the following buttons: Why Enzymes 9. Play the animation without enzymes first, then play the animation with enzymes. In your own words and using COMPLETE SENTENCES, describe how the enzyme sped up the chemical reaction. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Specificness 10. Play the animation all the way through. In your own words and using COMPLETE SENTENCES, describe why the enzymes pictured are only able to catalyze specific reactions. Make sure to use the following words: active site, sugar molecules, enzymes, reaction, catalyze. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Reusing enzymes 11. Play the animation all the way through. In your own words and using COMPLETE SENTENCES, describe how an enzyme can be use to make a polymer. Make sure to use the following words: enzyme, bonds, smaller molecules, long chain. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Denaturing 12. Play the animation all the way through. In your own words and using COMPLETE SENTENCES, describe what happens to the enzyme when it is affected by certain things in the environment. Make sure to use the following words: Denature, pH, temperature, small molecules, enzymes _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 1 & 2 – Study guide 1. List the 8 characteristics of living things Characteristics of Living Things 2. For a hypothesis to have value, it must be ____________________________________________ 3. The variable that is deliberately changed is called the ____________________ variable. 4. The variable that consists of recorded data is called the ______________________variable. 5. The group you experiment on is called the __________________group while the group you leave alone is called the _______________________group. 6. Mass number - __________________________________________________________________ 7. Atomic number - _________________________________________________________________ 8. The smallest units that are considered alive are ________________________________________. 9. The basic unit of matter is the ______________________________________________________. 10. A substance made up of only kind of atom is a _________________________________________. 11. ________________________________________ are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. 12. Proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions _______________________. 13. Label the atom picture: 1. 2. 3. 14. What makes up an atoms nucleus?___________________________________________________ 15. What is an isotope? _______________________________________________________________ 16. What are the uses of radioactive isotopes? ____________________________________________ 17. What term describes a substance formed by the combinations of two or more elements in definite proportions? ____________________________________________________________________. 18. What makes up a molecule of water? ________________________________________________. 19. How is a covalent bond formed? ____________________________________________________. 20. What type of electron is available to form bonds? ______________________________________. 21. What type of ion forms when an atom loses electrons?__________________________________. 22. Why does ice float on water? _______________________________________________________. 23. What is the most abundant compound in most living things? ______________________________ 24. Draw a water molecule with labels. 25. What is a solution?_______________________________________________________________ 26. What is a solvent?________________________________________________________________ 27. When salt is dissolved in water, water is the ___________________________________________ 28. What is a substance with a pH of 6 called? ____________________________________________ 29. What is a substance with a pH of 9 called? ____________________________________________ 30. What helps regulate sharp changes in pH levels?_______________________________________ 31. What are the functions of proteins? __________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 32. Circle the reactants in the chemical reaction: CO2 + H2O H2CO3- 33. What is the term used to describe the energy needed to get a reaction started? _______________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 34. What are the forms of energy that can be released during a chemical reaction? ________________________________________________________________________________ 35. What is a substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction? _______________________ 36. What is another name that it is called? ________________________________________________ 37. Fill in the following chart on Macromolecules: Macromolecules and their monomers Macromolecules Monomers 38. Match the following terms to the diagram: ____ Activation energy (With enzyme) ___ Activation energy (Without enzyme) ___ Reactants ___ Products 39. Enzymes speed up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the ____________________________. 40. Study the following diagram: (Reaction occurs left to right). You WILL see this again. Hint! Reactant Bonds are weakened Products Active site Enzyme Enzyme – Substrate Complex Enzyme