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What to Know – Spring Final (12-13)
Genetics (Ch. 11, 14)
1. Describe Mendel’s classic monohybrid and dihybrid pea plant experiments.
2. State the two laws of Mendelian genetics (segregation and independent
assortment). Explain how Mendel arrives at these two laws.
3. Apply the law of probability to solve genetics problems.
4. Identify, explain, and give examples of incomplete dominance, codominance,
multiple alleles, and polygenic traits.
5. Explain how phenotypes of a polygenic trait (such as human height) often follow a
bell curve distribution. (Hint: Re-watch Bozeman podcast on Advanced Genetics)
6. Explain how human genetic traits/diseases are inherited (recessively and dominantly)
and be able to apply this knowledge by solving genetics problems.
7. Explain why X-linked genetic disorders are more common in males.
DNA and Gene Expression (Ch. 12)
8. Briefly describe each of the following scientists’ contribution to the discovery of
DNA as the genetic material: Frederick Griffith; Avery, MacCleod and McCarty;
Hershey and Chase; Rosalind Franklin; Maurice Wilkins, Erwin Chargaff; Francis
Crick and James Watson
9. Discuss the location of the nitrogenous bases, the sugars and phosphates on the DNA
molecule.
10. Given a DNA template, know how to transcribe and translate it.
11. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA.
12. Discuss the different types of mutations and their effect on protein synthesis.
13. Identify the location where protein synthesis in a eukaryotic cell.
14. List and explain the functions of the 3 types of RNAs.
15. Define an operon. Identify its components and describe their functions.
16. Explain how the lac operon works in bacteria.
17. Contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene regulation.
18. Explain what Hox genes do.
Evolution (Ch. 15, 16)
19. Contrast the pre-Darwin and post-Darwin view of the natural world.
20. Discuss different Darwin’s observations that led him to formulate his theory of
evolution.
21. Briefly describe each of the following scientists’ contribution to the history of
evolutionary thought: James Hutton, Charles Lyell, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Thomas
Malthus, Charles Darwin
22. Explain Lamarck’s theory of how species evolve.
23. Articulate Malthus’s theory of population growth.
24. Explain Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. Discuss natural selection
as the mechanism for evolution and the processes involved.
What to Know – Spring Final Exam – Pham, p. 1
25. Identify and discuss the various types of evidence of evolution.
26. Compare and contrast homologous and analogous structures.
27. Identify two main sources of genetic variation (mutation and gene shuffling)
28. Define genetic drift, bottleneck effect, and founder effect. (Re-watch Bozeman’s
Genetic Drift Podcast)
29. Identify, discuss, and give examples of 3 modes of selection (directional, stabilizing,
disruptive)
30. State the Hardy-Weinberg Principle and identify its 5 assumptions.
31. Be able to solve simple Hardy-Weinberg problems.
32. Discuss different mechanisms for speciation. (Re-watch Bozeman’s Speciation
Podcast)
Nervous System (Ch. 35)
33. Identify the levels of organization in the body.
34. Describe the parts (and their functions) of a neuron.
35. Identify the three types of neurons.
36. Explain how resting potential of the neuron’s membrane is maintained.
37. Describe how a nerve impulse (action potential) is generated and transmitted.
38. Explain how myelin sheath helps speed up the speed of nerve impulses across the
axon.
39. Explain how a nerve impulse travels across a synapse.
40. Describe how neurotransmitters work. Give an example.
41. List the divisions of the nervous system. Describe the function of each division.
42. Distinguish the divisions of the peripheral nervous system (somatic, autonomic)
43. Describe what occurs in a reflex arc.
44. Identify the major structures of the brain (diagrams in book) and describe the
function of each.
45. Identify the structures of the eyes and
their functions. Know the diagram in
your book!
46. Identify the structures of the ear and
their functions. Know the diagram in
your book!
47. Compare and contrast the function of
rods and cones in the retina.
What to Know – Spring Final Exam – Pham, p. 2
38.3 – Digestion
48. Distinguish intracellular from extracellular digestion.
49. Discuss how an extracellular digestive system is much more efficient (than
intracellular).
50. Identify the components of the human digestive system and discuss their functions.
51. Discuss the theme of “form fits function” and give examples from the digestive
system.
52. Identify the enzymes involved in the chemical digestion of food in the mouth,
stomach, and small intestine.
53. Identify the types of biomolecules digested in the various components of the human
digestive system.
54. Compare adaptations of the digestive systems of herbivores and carnivores.
38.3 – Excretion
55. Identify the 3 types of nitrogen-containing waste and discuss their relative toxicity
and solubility.
56. Discuss how animals in different living environments (aquatic, land, egg-laying)
What to Know – Spring Final Exam – Pham, p. 3
manage their nitrogen-containing waste.
57. Identify the components of the human excretory system and discuss their functions.
58. Discuss the theme of “form fits function” and give examples from the excretory
system.
59. Identify the components of a kidney and nephron.
60. Explain how nephrons conserve water and increase the concentration of urea in urine.
37.1 – Circulatory
61. Compare and contrast open and closed circulatory systems.
62. Explain how the circulatory system evolves with animal complexity.
63. Describe the structures of the circulatory system.
64. Describe the flow of blood in the human circulatory system.
65. Compare and contrast the 3 types of blood vessels.
What to Know – Spring Final Exam – Pham, p. 4