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N2O EMISSIONS FROM A MAIZE CROP IN SOUTHERN ITALY S. Ranucci1,2, L. Ottaiano1,3, T. Bertolini1, P. Di Tommasi1, M. Oliva1, L. Vitale1, A. Forte2, V. Magliulo1, A. Fierro 2 1 CNR- ISAFoM, Via C. Patacca, 85 80056, Ercolano(Na); , [email protected] Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Università Degli Studi di NapoliFederico II, via Cinthia, 80126, Napoli. 3 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Agraria e Agronomia del territorio, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (Na). 2 Introduction Agricultural practices contribute to the atmospheric N2O increase being the major source of this gas and accounting for 24% of the global annual emission (IPCC 2007). Soil nitrification and denitrification are the microbial processes liable for the production of N2O, which also depends on soil characteristics and management. These processes are controlled by different factors, such as soil moisture and soil temperature (Han Jian-gang et al, 2007). Addition of N to the soil via mineral fertilisers, animal manure, crop residues, sewage sludge generally increases N2O evolution (Boeckx et al, 2001). The IPCC (2007) provides a description of the methods and equation to be adopted for the inventory of nitrous oxide emissions from managed soils. Few experiments aimed at evaluating N2O exchange from cropland in Mediterranean climate showed that peak emissions follows N application and irrigation events (Lee et al, 2008). The aim of this study was to investigate N2O evolution under different agronomic management in a Mediterranean area. Materials and Methods The experimental field (18ha) is located in the Piana del Sele (Borgo Cioffi, Eboli; Salerno) about 25 km from Salerno (4486080 N, 496470 E). The permanent study site is part of CarboEurope and NitroEurope networks and it is located in a typical Mediterranean area, with a climate characterized by dry summers and mild rainy winters. N2O fluxes have been monitored during two subsequent growing season of Zea mays L. (2007 and 2008) under intensive and reduced management. Weekly measurements were conducted by means of 8 static manual chambers placed on a transect along the main wind direction. Samples were collected in vials at regular intervals following chamber closure and analysed by a gas chromatograph equipped with an ECD detector. Results During the first year (2007) nitrous oxide peaked 30 days after nitrogen fertilizer spreading (Fig.1-a), while during the second year (2008) the peak was anticipated to about 15 days following fertilization (Fig.1-b). This time delay likely probably due to the nitrification inhibitor (DMPP) added to the fertilizer in 2007. For both years, soon after each irrigation event N2O evolution increased, while under water stress condition a consistent drop in measured fluxes could be detected. Cumulative N2O fluxes (Fig.2) evidence that management played an important role. In 2007 we observed cumulative fluxes of 2.15 N2O-N, kg-1 ha-1 while in 2008 the emissions were about 68% lower, with fluxes of 0.69 N2O-N kg-1 ha-1. This difference was likely due to different crop management – since less intensive soil cultivation was made in the second year - and the lower irrigation gifts. Mosier et al (2006) reported that tillage has an effect on N2O emission, since intensive tillage determines a flux increase linearly correlated with the amount of N fertilizer added. The different crop sequence (fennel-corn in 2007 and grass-corn in 2008), might also have played a role. The emission factor (EF1, (IPCC, 2006), that refers to the amount of N2O emitted from the various synthetic and organic N applications to soils, confirm the difference between the two years of study, being equal to 0.87% in 2007 and 0.26% in 2008, both consistently lower than the reference IPCC value of 1%. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 300 a 60 N2O 2.5 200 40 150 30 100 20 50 10 0 0 250 2007 2008 1.5 1 0.5 0 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 DOY 40 b N2O R ain+Ir r . Fertilization 2 kg N2O-N/ha 50 Rain+Irrigation(mm) m g N2O-N/m2h R ain+Ir r . 250 35 mg N2O-N/m2h 30 25 150 20 100 15 10 50 Rain+Irrigation(mm) 200 Fig. 1 N2O fluxes from soil(left) rain and irrigation (right) at Borgo Cioffi site during maize crop season 2007(a) and 2008(b). Fig. 2 Cumulative N2O fluxes during 2007 and 2008. The fertilization events, at sowing and sidedressed, are represented by arrows. 5 0 125 145 165 185 205 225 0 245 DOY Conclusions Soil management is key factor in the balance of N2O. This study shows that a reduced tillage and drier water regime can play a positive role in the mitigation of the N 2O emissions from the soil. The high variability of the EF should be further investigated by means of high frequency measurements (i.e. real time autochambers), which may also contribute to quantify the role played by other biophysical factor. References Boeckx et al, 2001. Estimates of N2O and CH4 fluxes from agricultural lands in various regions in Europe. Borbe et al. 2009. Soil greenhouse gas fluxes and global warming potential in four high-yealding maize systems. Global Change Biology, 13:1972-1988. IPCC, 2006. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). Published: IGES, Japan. IPCC, 2007. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, Lee et al. 2009.Tillage and seasonal emissions of CO2, andN2O and NO across a seed bed and at the field scale in a Mediterranean climate. Agriculture, Ecosystems and environments, 129: 378-390 Mosier et al. 2006. Net Global Warming Potential and Greenhouse Gas Intensity in Irrigated Cropping Systems in Northeastern Colorado. Published online July 6, 2006