Download Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell)

Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell)
Test Bank (2) Part (1)
Bioenergetics: Chapters (5,6,7):
‫نموذج المائع الدي يصف غشاء البالزما يتكون من‬
1) The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as consisting of
A) a phospholipid bilayer with embedded carbohydrates.
B) two layers of phospholipids with protein sandwiched between them.
C) a protein bilayer with embedded phospholipids.
D) carbohydrates, proteins, and phospholipids that can drift in the membrane.
‫البروتينات الفردية والفوسفورية التي يمكن أن تنجرف في طبقة ثنائية فسفوليبيد‬
E) individual proteins and phospholipids that can drift in a phospholipid bilayer.
Answer: E
phospholipids ‫غشاء‬
2) Membrane phospholipids
A) have hydrophobic heads that face the center of the membrane and are shielded from water.
B) have hydrophilic tails that face outward and are exposed to water.
‫غالبا ما يكون "مكامن الخلل" في ذيولها الناجمة عن وجود رابطة مزدوجة بين الكربونات‬
C) often have "kinks" in their tails caused by the presence of a double bond between carbons.
D) remain fluid because they are tightly packed against one another.
E) form impermeable layers for cells .
Answer: C
‫الكولسترول المرتبط بأغشية الخاليا الحيوانية‬
3) The cholesterol associated with animal cell membranes
A) is attached to membrane proteins and extends into the watery environment surrounding the cell.
B) helps to stabilize the cell membrane at body temperature.
‫يساعد على تحقيق استقرار غشاء الخلية في درجة حرارة الجسم‬
C) makes the cell membrane fluid at room temperature.
D) is an abnormality resulting from a diet high in cholesterol.
E) helps solidify the membranes when the room temperature is below freezing.
Answer: B
‫معظم وظائف غشاء الخلية تؤديها‬
4) Most of the functions of a cell membrane are performed by
A) glycolipids.
‫البروتينات‬
B) proteins.
C) phospholipids.
D) cholesterol.
E) nucleotides.
Answer: B
‫أي من العبارات التالية عن وظيفة غشاء البروتين خاطئه‬
5) Which of the following statements regarding membrane protein function is false?
A) Membrane proteins serve as enzymes.
B) Membrane proteins act as receptors to molecules like hormones.
C) Membrane proteins provide cellular identification tags.
D) Membrane proteins form junctions between cells.
‫غشاء البروتينات ينقل المعلومات الوراثية إلى السيتوبالزم‬
E) Membrane proteins transfer genetic information to the cytoplasm.
Answer: E
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‫توصيل رسالة من مستقبالت غشاء لجزيء حتى يؤدي وظيفة محددة ضمن خلية ما يسمى‬
6) Relaying a message from a membrane receptor to a molecule that performs a specific function within a
cell is called
‫نقل االشاره‬
A) signal transduction.
B) inhibition.
C) competition.
D) self-recognition.
E) selective permeability.
Answer: A
‫ وهذا يعني أن‬..‫أغشية البالزما بشكل انتقائي نفاذة‬
7) Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that
A) anything can pass into or out of a cell as long as the membrane is intact and the cell is healthy.
‫غشاء البالزما يسمح لبعض المواد للدخول أو الخروج للخلية بسهولة أكثر من غيرهم‬
B) the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave a cell more easily than others.
C) glucose cannot enter the cell.
D) cholesterol cannot enter the cell.
E) plasma membranes must be very thick.
Answer: B
‫أي من العبارات التالية عن وظيفة الغشاء خاطئة‬
8) Which of the following statements regarding membrane function is false?
A) The plasma membrane forms a selective barrier around the cell.
B) The plasma membrane plays a role in signal transduction.
C) The plasma membrane has receptors for chemical messages.
‫غشاء البالزما هو مركز التحكم في الخلية‬
D) The plasma membrane is the control center of the cell.
E) The plasma membrane is involved in self-recognition.
Answer: D
‫ جزيئات كارهة للماء مثل االحماض الدهنية‬، ‫غير قطبي‬، ‫صغير‬
9) Small, nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules such as fatty acids
‫تنتقل بسهولة من خالل األغشية في طبقة ثنائية المادة الدهنية‬
A) easily pass through a membrane's lipid bilayer.
B) very slowly diffuse through a membrane's lipid bilayer.
C) require transport proteins to pass through a membrane's lipid bilayer.
D) are actively transported across cell membranes.
E) usually enter the cell via endocytosis.
Answer: A
‫أي من المواد التالية يكون أكثر صعوبة في عبور غشاء بيولوجي‬
10) Which of the following substances would have the most trouble crossing a biological membrane by
diffusing through the lipid bilayer?
A) H2O
B) O2
C) CO2
‫الصوديوم‬
D) Na+
E) a small, nonpolar molecule such as butane (C4H10)
Answer: D
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‫األوكسجين يمر عبر غشاء البالزما بواسطة‬
11) Oxygen crosses a plasma membrane by
A) osmosis.
B) phagocytosis.
C) active transport.
D) pinocytosis.
‫النقل السلبي‬
E) passive transport.
Answer: E
‫أي من العبارات التالية بشأن االنتشار خاطئه‬
12) Which of the following statements regarding diffusion is false?
A) Diffusion is a result of the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules.
B) Diffusion is driven by concentration gradients.
C) Diffusion requires no input of energy into the system.
‫يحدث االنتشار عندما تنتشر جزيئات من المناطق التي تشكل فيها أقل تركيزا على المناطق التي تشكل فيها أكثر تركيزا‬
D) Diffusion occurs when particles spread from areas where they are less concentrated to areas where
they are more concentrated.
E) Diffusion occurs even after equilibrium is reached and no net change is apparent.
Answer: D
‫ يعتبر االنتشار نوع من‬، ‫ ولذلك‬.ATP ‫اليتطلب نشر الخلية إلى إنفاق‬
13) Diffusion does not require the cell to expend ATP. Therefore, diffusion is considered a type of
A) exocytosis.
B) phagocytosis.
‫النقل السلبي‬
C) passive transport.
D) active transport.
E) endocytosis.
Answer: C
‫االسموزية يمكن تعريفها بأنها‬
14) Osmosis can be defined as
‫نشر الماء‬
A) the diffusion of water.
B) the diffusion of nonpolar molecules.
C) active transport.
D) the diffusion of a solute.
E) endocytosis.
Answer: A
‫عندما اثنين من المحاليل المائية التي تختلف في تركيز المذاب يتم وضعها على جانبي غشاء نصف نافذ والتناضح او التنافذ (الخاصيه االزموزيه) سامح لها باخذ مكان‬
‫ فإن الماء سوف‬،
15) When two aqueous solutions that differ in solute concentration are placed on either side of a
semipermeable membrane and osmosis is allowed to take place, the water will
‫يظهر حركة صافيه(خفيفة) إلى جانب انخفاض تركيز الماء‬
A) exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration.
B) exhibit a net movement to the side with higher water concentration.
C) exhibit a net movement to the side with lower solute concentration.
D) exhibit an equal movement in both directions across the membrane.
E) not cross the membrane.
Answer: A
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، ‫ ماء‬٪ 80 ‫ سكروز و‬٪ 20 ‫ البالون ملئ بمحلول فيه‬.‫ لجعلها خلية مصطنعة‬، ‫ ولكن ليس السكروز‬، ‫ يمكنك استخدام بالون له خاصية لنفاذية المياه‬، ‫في المختبر‬
‫ من التالي الذي سوف يحدث‬.‫ ماء‬٪ 60 ‫ سكروز و‬٪ 40 ‫وغرقت في دورق يحتوي على محلول فيه‬
16) In the lab, you use a special balloon that is permeable to water, but not sucrose, to make an "artificial
cell." The balloon is filled with a solution of 20% sucrose and 80% water and is immersed in a beaker
containing a solution of 40% sucrose and 60% water. Which of the following will occur?
‫الماء سوف يغادر البالون‬
A) Water will leave the balloon.
B) Water will enter the balloon.
C) Sucrose will leave the balloon.
D) Sucrose will enter the balloon.
E) Sucrose and water will pass across the balloon simultaneously.
Answer: A
‫الخاليا التي ال تكتسب وال تفقد الماء عندما يكون مغمورة في المحلول فانه يكون‬
17) A cell that neither gains nor loses water when it is immersed in a solution is
‫متساوي التوتر على بيئتها‬
A) isotonic to its environment.
B) hypertonic to its environment.
C) hypotonic to its environment.
D) metabolically inactive.
E) dead.
Answer: A
‫الخلية الحيوانية‬، ‫في محلول منخفض التركيز‬
18) In a hypotonic solution, an animal cell will
‫تتحل‬
A) lyse.
B) experience turgor.
C) neither gain nor lose water.
D) shrivel.
E) lose water.
Answer: A
‫ما الذي يفسر هذا االختالف‬. ‫ في حين أن الخاليا النباتية لن تتحلل‬، ‫ الخلية الحيوانية تخضع للتحلل‬، ‫إذا وضعت في ماء صنبور‬
19) If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis, whereas a plant cell will not. What accounts for
this difference?
A) the expulsion of water by the plant cell's central vacuole
B) the relative impermeability of the plant cell membrane to water
C) the relative impermeability of the plant cell wall to water
D) the fact that plant cells are isotonic to tap water
‫نسبية مرونة وقوة جدران الخاليا النباتية‬
E) the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall
Answer: E
، ‫ ماء‬٪ 80 ‫ سكروز و‬٪ 20 ‫ البالون ملئ بمحلول فيه‬.‫ لجعلها خلية مصطنعة‬، ‫ ولكن ليس السكروز‬، ‫ يمكنك استخدام بالون له خاصية لنفاذية المياه‬، ‫في المختبر‬
‫ المحلول في البالون سوف يكون ________ نسبة الى المحلول في الدورق‬.‫ ماء‬٪ 60 ‫ سكروز و‬٪ 40 ‫وغرقت في دورق يحتوي على محلول فيه‬
20) In the lab, you use a special balloon that is permeable to water but not sucrose to make an "artificial
cell." The balloon is filled with a solution of 20% sucrose and 80% water and is immersed in a beaker
containing a solution of 40% sucrose and 60% water. The solution in the balloon is ________ relative to the
solution in the beaker.
A) isotonic
‫منخفض التوتر‬
B) hypotonic
C) hypertonic
D) hydrophobic
E) hydrophilic
Answer: B
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‫الخاليا النباتية في محلول منخفض التوتر‬
21) A plant cell in a hypotonic solution
‫منتفخه‬
A) is turgid.
B) lyses.
C) shrivels.
D) wilts.
E) is flaccid.
Answer: A
‫نتيجة لذلك‬. ‫ وشربت مياه البحر المحيطة بك‬، ‫ وبدأ العطش‬، ‫انت تسير ب غير هدف في المحيط األطلسي‬
22) You are adrift in the Atlantic Ocean, and, being thirsty, drink the surrounding seawater. As a result,
A) you quench your thirst.
B) your cells lyse, due to the excessive intake of salt.
C) your cells become turgid.
‫فقد جففت نفسك‬
D) you dehydrate yourself.
E) your cells lyse from excessive water intake.
Answer: D
‫تسهيل النشر عبر الغشاء البيولوجي يتطلب ______ ونقل مادة ______ نسبة تركيزه‬
23) Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ________ and moves a substance ________
its concentration gradient.
A) energy and transport proteins . . . down
B) energy . . . down
‫ تحت‬. . . ‫نقل البروتينات‬
C) transport proteins . . . down
D) energy and transport proteins . . . against
E) transport proteins . . . against
Answer: C
‫الجزيئات المسؤولة عن النقل الغشائي هي‬
24) The molecules responsible for membrane transport are
A) steroids.
B) ATP.
C) phospholipids.
D) carbohydrates.
‫البروتينات‬
E) proteins.
Answer: E
‫أي من العبارات التالية صحيحا من بين جميع أنواع النشر السلبي‬
25) Which of the following statements is true among all types of passive diffusion?
A) Proteins are needed to transport molecules across the membrane.
‫تدرج التركيز هي القوة الدافعة‬
B) The concentration gradient is the driving force.
C) Only small polar molecules are able to cross the plasma membrane.
D) Only small nonpolar molecules are able to cross the plasma membrane.
E) Ions never cross the plasma membrane by passive transport.
Answer: B
‫ إذا كانت المادة أكثر تركيزا في الخلية من محيطه‬،‫أي من العمليات التالية يمكن أن يؤدي في الحركة الصافية لمادة في الخلية‬
26) Which of the following processes could result in the net movement of a substance into a cell, if the
substance is more concentrated in the cell than in the surroundings?
‫النقل النشط‬
A) active transport
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B) facilitated diffusion
C) diffusion
D) osmosis
E) passive transport.
Answer: A
‫) هي آلية النقل النشط‬ATP ‫أي من األمور التالية التي هي السمة النموذجية (لتحرك‬
27) Which of the following is a typical feature of an ATP-driven active transport mechanism?
A) The transport protein must cross to the correct side of the membrane before the solute can bind to it.
B) The solute must be phosphorylated before it can bind to the transport protein.
C) The transport protein is irreversibly phosphorylated as transport takes place.
D) The transport protein catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP.
‫تحركات المذاب ضد نسبة التركيز‬
E) The solute moves against the concentration gradient.
Answer: E
‫أي من العبارات التالية عن النقل النشط خاطئة‬
28) Which of the following statements regarding active transport is false?
A) Active transport uses ATP as an energy source.
B) Active transport can move solutes up a concentration gradient.
C) Active transport requires the cell to expend energy.
‫النقل النشط تحركها نسبة التركيز‬
D) Active transport is driven by the concentration gradient.
E) Active transport is necessary to allow nerves to function properly.
Answer: D
‫ أي من العمليات التالية يمكن أن تكون مسؤولة عن إفرازه‬.‫ هذا االنزيم هو بروتين‬، ‫بعض الخاليا التي تبطن المعدة تتألف على انزيم الهضم وتفرزه في المعدة‬
29) Certain cells that line the stomach synthesize a digestive enzyme and secrete it into the stomach. This
enzyme is a protein. Which of the following processes could be responsible for its secretion?
A) endocytosis
‫الطرد الخلوي‬
B) exocytosis
C) diffusion
D) pinocytosis
E) passive transport
Answer: B
‫عمليات خاليا الدم البيضاء تحتاج نوعا من البكتيريا هو‬
30) The process of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is
A) osmosis.
B) diffusion.
C) receptor-mediated endocytosis.
D) pinocytosis.
‫البلعمه او االلتهام الخلوي‬
E) phagocytosis.
Answer: E
‫البلعمة او االتهام الخلوي بالنسبة لألكل كما هو الشرب الخلوي بالنسبة الى‬
31) Phagocytosis is to eating as pinocytosis is to
A) osmosis.
‫للشرب‬
B) drinking.
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C) chewing.
D) hydrolysis.
E) lysis.
Answer: B
‫الطاقة الحركية تختلف عن الطاقة الكيميائية‬
32) Kinetic energy differs from chemical energy in that
A) kinetic energy is stored energy that has the potential to do work, and chemical energy is the energy
of movement.
B) kinetic energy depends on the movement of atoms, whereas chemical energy depends on the
movement of molecules.
C) kinetic energy can be converted into various forms of energy, whereas chemical energy can only be
converted into heat.
‫ بينما الطاقة الكيميائية هي الطاقة الكامنة للجزيئات‬، ‫الطاقة الحركية هي الطاقة ل جسم متحرك‬
D) kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object, whereas chemical energy is the potential energy of
molecules.
E) chemical energy is a particular form of kinetic energy.
Answer: D
‫ فإن الحيوانات المنوية تغير‬، ‫ في هذا المثال‬.‫جزيئات الجلوكوز توفر الطاقة الالزمة لسباحة الحيوانات المنوية‬
33) Glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example, the sperm
are changing
‫الطاقة الكيميائية إلى طاقة حركية‬
A) chemical energy into kinetic energy.
B) chemical energy into potential energy.
C) kinetic energy into potential energy.
D) kinetic energy into chemical energy.
E) kinetic energy into thermal energy.
Answer: A
‫أي من العمليات التالية هي مستقبله للطاقه‬
34) Which of the following processes is endergonic?
A) the burning of wood
B) the release of heat from the breakdown of glucose
‫توليف الجلوكوز من غاز ثاني أكسيد الكربون والماء‬
C) the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water
D) the breakdown of glucose
E) cellular respiration
Answer: C
‫ما هو الفرق األساسي بين التفاعالت المعطيه للطاقه والتفاعالت المستقبله للطاقه‬
35) What is the basic difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?
A) Exergonic reactions involve ionic bonds; endergonic reactions involve covalent bonds.
B) Exergonic reactions involve the breaking of bonds; endergonic reactions involve the formation of
bonds.
C) Exergonic reactions involve the formation of bonds; endergonic reactions involve the breaking of
bonds.
‫التفاعالت المعطيه للطاقه تطلق الطاقه والتفاعالت المستقبله للطاقه تستوعبها‬
D) Exergonic reactions release energy; endergonic reactions absorb it.
E) In exergonic reactions, the reactants have less chemical energy than the products; in endergonic
reactions, the opposite is true.
Answer: D
‫أي من األمثلة التالية تصنف على أنها مسار أيضي‬
36) Which of the following examples is classified as a metabolic pathway?
‫توليف البروتين‬
A) protein synthesis
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B) osmosis
C) cell lysis
D) spontaneous combustions
E) passive diffusion
Answer: A
.________ ‫ فأنه يتزاوج تفاعل ________ مع تفاعل‬، ‫عندما تستخدم خلية الطاقة الكيميائية ألداء عمل‬
37) When a cell uses chemical energy to perform work, it couples a(n) ________ reaction with a(n)
________ reaction.
‫ مستقبلة للطاقة‬. . ‫معطية الطاقة‬
A) exergonic . . . endergonic
B) endergonic . . . exergonic
C) exergonic . . . spontaneous
D) spontaneous . . . exergonic
E) endergonic . . . spontaneous
Answer: A
‫ هو الصحيح‬ATP ‫أي من العبارات التالية حول جزيء‬
38) Which of the following statements about the ATP molecule is true?
A) It contains two phosphate groups.
B) Extremely stable bonds link the second and third phosphate groups.
C) It contains the six-carbon sugar hexose.
‫يحتوي على جزيء من قاعدة نيتروجينية يسمى االدنين‬
D) It contains a nitrogenous base molecule called adenine.
E) It can be coupled with an exergonic reaction.
Answer: D
‫نقل مجموعة من الفوسفات إلى جزيء أو مركب يسمى‬
39) The transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule or compound is called
A) carboxylation.
B) ionization.
‫فسفرة‬
C) phosphorylation.
D) hydrogen bonding.
E) hydrogenation.
Answer: C
‫ سيكون على األرجح‬ATP ‫أي شيء يحول دون تشكيل‬
40) Anything that prevents ATP formation will most likely
A) result in cell death.
B) force the cell to rely on lipids for energy.
C) result in the conversion of kinetic energy to potential energy.
D) force the cell to rely on ADP for energy.
E) have no effect on the cell.
Answer: A
‫ الية لتبادل طاقة الخلية‬ATP‫يمكن استخدام‬
41) ATP can be used as the cell's energy exchange mechanism because
A) endergonic reactions can be fueled by coupling them with the formation of ATP from ADP.
B) ATP is the most energy-rich small molecule in the cell.
ATP ‫يمكن للتفاعالت المستقبله للطاقه ان تعزز عن طريق ربط بينها وبين التحلل من الطاقة العالية ورابطة الفوسفات في‬
C) endergonic reactions can be fueled by coupling them with the hydrolysis of high-energy phosphate
bonds in ATP.
D) the regeneration of ATP from ADP can be fueled by coupling it with endergonic reactions.
E) ATP is a disposable form of chemical energy, used once and then discarded by the cell.
Answer: C
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‫معظم خاليا االنزيمات هي‬
42) Most of a cell's enzymes are
A) lipids.
‫بروتين‬
B) proteins.
C) amino acids.
D) nucleic acids.
E) carbohydrates.
Answer: B
‫عندما تحفز االنزيمات تفاعل‬
43) When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction,
‫فأنه يقلل من طاقة التنشيط للتفاعل‬
A) it lowers the activation energy of the reaction.
B) it raises the activation energy of the reaction.
C) it becomes a product.
D) it acts as a reactant.
E) it is used once and discarded.
Answer: A
‫ركائز ربط انزيم ________ للموقع‬
44) Substrates bind to an enzyme's ________ site.
A) reactant
B) allosteric
C) regulatory
D) phosphate
‫نشط‬
E) active
Answer: E
‫الموقع النشط النزيم هو‬
45) The active site of an enzyme is
A) the region of a substrate that is changed by an enzyme.
B) the highly changeable portion of an enzyme that adapts to fit the substrates of various reactions.
‫المنطقة في االنزيم التي يعلقها بالركازة‬
C) the region of an enzyme that attaches to a substrate.
D) the region of a product that detaches from the enzyme.
E) the region of the enzyme composed of only a few specific nucleic acids.
Answer: C
‫أي من العبارات التالية بشأن وظيفة االنزيم هو باطل‬
46) Which of the following statements regarding enzyme function is false?
A) An enzyme's function depends on its three-dimensional shape.
B) Enzymes are very specific for certain substrates.
‫اإلنزيمات تستخدم حتى في التفاعالت الكيميائية‬
C) Enzymes are used up in chemical reactions.
D) Enzymes emerge unchanged from the reactions they catalyze.
E) An enzyme binds to its substrate at the enzyme's active site.
Answer: C
‫أي من العبارات التالية المتعلقة باالنزيمات صحيح‬
47) Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true?
A) Enzymes are inorganic.
B) An enzyme's function is unaffected by changes in pH.
C) Enzymes are the reactants in a chemical reaction.
‫اإلنزيمات تحفز تفاعالت معينة‬
D) Enzymes catalyze specific reactions.
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E) All enzymes depend on protein cofactors to function.
Answer: D
‫ اي من العبارات التالية تقدم التفسير األكثر‬.‫ األطباء أمرو فورا بإجراء حمام الثلج لخفض درجة حرارة الطفل‬.F°107 ‫طفل تم إحضاره إلى المستشفى مصابا بحمى‬
‫منطقية لهذا اإلجراء‬
48) A child is brought to the hospital with a fever of 107°F. Doctors immediately order an ice bath to lower
the child's temperature. Which of the following statements offers the most logical explanation for this
action?
A) Elevated body temperature will increase reaction rates in the child's cells and overload the limited
number of enzymes found in the cell.
‫ هذا من شأنه أن يتداخل مع قدرات الخلية لتحفيز متفاعالت مختلفة‬.‫ارتفاع درجة حرارة الجسم قد تفسد االنزيمات‬
B) Elevated body temperatures may denature enzymes. This would interfere with the cell's abilities to
catalyze various reactions.
C) Elevated body temperatures will increase the energy of activation needed to start various chemical
reactions in the body. This will interfere with the ability of enzymes to catalyze vital chemical
reactions.
D) Elevated body temperatures cause molecules to vibrate more quickly and prevent enzymes from
easily attaching to reactants. This would slow vital body reactions.
E) Elevated body temperatures easily break the covalent bonds linking biologically important
molecules. This will cause a general breakdown of cell structures.
Answer: B
‫يتم تسخين االنزيمات المثبطه بواسطة‬
49) Heating inactivates enzymes by
A) breaking the covalent bonds that hold the molecule together.
B) removing phosphate groups from the enzyme.
C) causing enzyme molecules to stick together.
‫تغيير شكل االنزيم ثالثي األبعاد‬
D) changing the enzyme's three-dimensional shape.
E) inducing the addition of amino acids.
Answer: D
‫أي من المواد التالية يمكن أن تكون عامل مساعد‬
50) Which of the following substances could be a cofactor?
A) a protein
B) a polypeptide
‫ذرة زنك‬
C) a zinc atom
D) a ribosome
E) collagen
Answer: C
‫أي مما يلي هو مرافق انزيمي‬
51) Which of the following is a coenzyme?
A) zinc
B6 ‫فيتامين‬
B) vitamin B6
C) iron
D) iodine
E) hydrogen ions
Answer: B
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‫اي من األمور التالية التي لن يكون لها تأثير على معدل انزيم تحفيز التفاعل‬
52) Which of the following will have no effect on the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
A) temperature
B) pH
C) competitive inhibitors
D) noncompetitive inhibitors
‫التغير الصافي في الطاقة‬
E) net change in energy
Answer: E
‫كيف يتم تثبيط االنزيم المحفز للتفاعل بواسطة مثبط تنافسي مختلف من مثبط غير تنافسي‬
53) How does inhibition of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction by a competitive inhibitor differ from inhibition
by a noncompetitive inhibitor?
A) Competitive inhibitors interfere with the enzyme; noncompetitive inhibitors interfere with the
reactants.
B) Competitive inhibitors bind to the enzyme reversibly; noncompetitive inhibitors bind to it
irreversibly.
C) Competitive inhibitors change the enzyme's tertiary structure; noncompetitive inhibitors cause
polypeptide subunits to dissociate.
‫المثبط التنافسي يرتبط بالموقع النشط من األنزيم ؛ المثبط غير التنافسي يرتبط بالموقع المختلف‬
D) Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme; noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a
different site.
E) Competitive inhibitors are inorganic substances such as metal ions; noncompetitive inhibitors are
vitamins or vitamin derivatives.
Answer: D
‫ هو مثال‬.‫المنتجات البكتيريه من االنزيمات الالزمة لتوليف الحمض االميني التربتوفان المنخفض مع زيادة مستويات التربتوفان والزيادة كتراجع مستويات التربتوفان‬
54) Bacterial production of the enzymes needed for the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan declines with
increasing levels of tryptophan and increases as tryptophan levels decline. This is an example of
A) competitive inhibition.
B) noncompetitive inhibition.
‫ردود فعل مثبطة‬
C) feedback inhibition.
D) positive feedback.
E) irreversible inhibition.
Answer: C
‫أي من العبارات التالية بشأن التمثيل الضوئي والتنفس الخلوي هو الصحيح‬
55) Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true?
‫ والتنفس الخلوي تحدث في الميتوكوندريا‬، ‫التمثيل الضوئي يحدث في البالستيدات الخضراء‬
A) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.
B) Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria, and cellular respiration occurs in chloroplasts.
C) Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts.
D) Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts.
E) Neither cellular respiration nor photosynthesis occurs in either mitochondria or chloroplasts.
Answer: A
‫كيف تستولي الخاليا على الطاقة الصادرة عن التنفس الخلوي‬
56) How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration?
ATP ‫تنتج‬
A) They produce ATP.
B) They produce glucose.
C) They store it in molecules of carbon dioxide.
D) The energy is coupled to oxygen.
E) They store it as thermal energy.
Answer: A
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‫ بعض الطاقة هي‬، ‫ خالل تحويالت هذه الطاقة‬.‫عمليات البناء الضوئي والتنفس الخلوي متكامالن‬
57) The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary. During these energy
conversions, some energy is
‫تضيع في تشكيل الحرارة‬
A) lost in the form of heat.
B) created in the form of heat.
C) used to create light.
D) destroyed when the chemical bonds of glucose are made.
E) saved in the chemical bonds of water, CO2 and O2.
Answer: A
.________ ‫ والتنفس الخلوي‬،________ ‫التنفس‬
58) Respiration ________, and cellular respiration ________.
A) produces ATP . . . is gas exchange
ATP ‫ تنتج‬. . . ‫هو تبادل الغازات‬
B) is gas exchange . . . produces ATP
C) produces glucose . . . produces oxygen
D) uses glucose . . . produces glucose
E) produces glucose . . . is gas exchange
Answer: B
‫أي من األمور التالية التي هي من منتجات التنفس الخلوي‬
59) Which of the following are products of cellular respiration?
A) oxygen and carbon dioxide
‫ وثاني أكسيد الكربون‬ATP ‫الطاقه لتكوين‬
B) energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide
C) oxygen and glucose
D) oxygen and energy to make ATP
E) glucose and carbon dioxide
Answer: B
‫أي من العبارات التالية المتعلقة بالتنفس الخلوي هو باطل‬
60) Which of the following statements regarding cellular respiration is false?
A) Cellular respiration consumes glucose.
‫التنفس الخلوي احد التفاعالت الكيميائيه ذو خطوة واحدة فقط‬
B) Cellular respiration is a single chemical reaction with just one step.
C) Cellular respiration produces water.
D) Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide.
E) Cellular respiration releases heat.
Answer: B
‫المعادلة الشاملة عن التنفس الخلوي للجلوكوز‬
61) The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is
A) C5H12O6 + 6 O2 → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.
B) 5 CO2 + 6 H2O → C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy.
C) C6H12O12 + 3 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.
D) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.
E) C6H12O6 + energy → 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + 6 O2.
Answer: D
‫يستخدم البشر السعرات الحرارية التي يحصلون عليها من ________ كمصدر للطاقة‬
62) Humans use the calories they obtain from ________ as their source of energy.
‫الغذاء‬
A) food
B) water
C) sunlight
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D) minerals
E) carbon dioxide
Answer: A
‫السعرات الحرارية تعرف بـ‬
63) A kilocalorie is defined as
A) the quantity of glucose needed to increase the body temperature by 1°C.
B) the quantity of water heat needed to solubilize 1 g of glucose.
°C 1 ‫ كجم من الماء عن‬1 ‫كمية الحرارة الالزمة لرفع درجة حرارة‬
C) the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.
D) the quantity of food used to maintain normal bodily functions.
E) the quantity of food consumed during a given type of exercise.
Answer: C
‫ الطاقة في الجلوكوز‬، ‫أثناء التنفس الخلوي‬
64) During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose
A) becomes stored in molecules of ammonia.
B) is used to manufacture glucose.
C) is released all at once.
‫يتم عن طريق اإللكترونات‬
D) is carried by electrons.
E) can be used to oxidize NADH.
Answer: D
‫خالل تفاعالت األكسدة‬
65) During redox reactions,
A) the loss of electrons from one substance is called reduction.
B) a substance that gains electrons is said to be oxidized.
‫ وتضاف إلى مادة أخرى‬، ‫يتم فقدان اإللكترونات من مادة واحدة‬
C) electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance.
D) protons from one molecule replace the electrons lost from another molecule.
E) the reduction of a substance does not need to be coupled to the oxidation of another substance.
Answer: C
________ ‫ واالختزال هو‬،________ ‫األكسدة هي‬
66) Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________.
A) gain of electrons . . . loss of electrons
‫ كسب الكترونات‬. . . ‫فقدان الكترونات‬
B) loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons
C) loss of oxygen . . . gain of oxygen
D) gain of oxygen . . . loss of oxygen
E) gain of protons . . . loss of protons
Answer: B
‫ االنزيم المهم المشارك في تنظيم تفاعالت األكسدة هو‬، ‫في النظم البيولوجية‬
67) In biological systems, an important enzyme involved in the regulation of redox reactions is
A) glucose.
)‫ديهايدروجينيز (انزيم نزع الهيدروجين‬
B) dehydrogenase.
C) oxygen.
D) water.
E) ATP.
Answer: B
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NADH، ‫أثناء التنفس الخلوي‬
68) During cellular respiration, NADH
A) is converted to NAD+ by an enzyme called dehydrogenase.
B) is chemically converted into ATP.
C) is reduced to form NAD+.
‫يوصل به إلكترون التحميل لجزيء االلكترون الحامل االول‬
D) delivers its electron load to the first electron carrier molecule.
E) is the final electron acceptor.
Answer: D
‫ اي من العبارات التالية حول هذه العملية هو الصحيح‬.‫ تتحرك اإللكترونات من خالل سلسلة من الجزيئات الحاملة اإللكترون‬، ‫أثناء التنفس الخلوي‬
69) During cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron carrier molecules. Which of the
following statements about this process is true?
A) The electrons move from carriers that have more affinity for them to carriers that have less affinity
for them.
B) Molecular oxygen is eventually oxidized by the electrons to form water.
C) The electrons release large amounts of energy each time they are transferred from one carrier to
another.
D) The carrier molecules are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
‫األكسجين الجزيئي ينخفض عندما يقبل االلكترونات ويشكل الماء‬
E) Molecular oxygen is reduced when it accepts electrons and forms water.
Answer: E
‫الوظيفه لسلسلة نقل اإللكترون تماثل‬
70) The functioning of an electron transport chain is analogous to
‫لعبة سالنكي الذين ينزلون الدرج‬
A) a Slinky toy going down a flight of stairs.
B) a canoe going over a waterfall.
C) a person climbing a flight of stairs one step at a time.
D) a person leaping from the top to the bottom of a flight of stairs in one jump.
E) playing Ping-Pong.
Answer: A
‫أي من الخيارات التالية يسرد مراحل في التنفس الخلوي حسب الترتيب الصحيح‬
71) Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order?
‫ الفسفرة المؤكسدة‬، ‫ دورة حمض الستريك‬، ‫تحلل‬
A) glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
B) glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the citric acid cycle
C) the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis
D) oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle
E) oxidative phosphorylation, the citric acid cycle, and glycolysis
Answer: A
‫ يشتبه العلماء في أن العقار سيكون ضارا بالخاليا البشرية ألنها سوف تمنع‬.‫عقار تم فحصه في المختبر ووجدت لخلق ثغرات في كال أغشية الميتوكوندريا‬
72) A drug is tested in the laboratory and is found to create holes in both mitochondrial membranes.
Scientists suspect that the drug will be harmful to human cells because it will inhibit
A) the citric acid cycle.
B) oxidative phosphorylation.
C) glycolysis.
D) the formation of alcohol.
‫دورة حامض الستريك والفسفرة المؤكسدة‬
E) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Answer: E
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‫أي من التالي لمسارات األيض هو شائع في األيض الهوائي والالهوائي‬
73) Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?
A) the citric acid cycle
B) oxidative phosphorylation
C) chemiosmosis
‫التحلل‬
D) glycolysis
E) electron transport chain
Answer: D
ATPs ________ ‫نتيجة للتحلل هناك ربح صاف (خفيف) قدره‬
74) As a result of glycolysis there is a net gain of ________ ATPs.
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 4
E) 36
Answer: C
‫ التي تنتج أثناء التحلل‬NADH ‫كم عدد الجزيئات من‬
75) How many molecules of NADH are produced during glycolysis?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 6
E) 8
Answer: A
‫أي مما يلي هو نتيجة للتحلل‬
76) Which of the following is a result of glycolysis?
A) conversion of FAD to FADH2
B) production of CO2
‫تحويل الجلوكوز إلى اثنين من مركبات كربون ثالثي‬
C) conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds
D) a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule
E) conversion of NADH to NAD+
Answer: C
‫المنتجات النهائية للتحلل تحتوي‬
77) The end products of glycolysis include
A) FADH2.
B) NADH.
C) acetyl CoA.
D) citric acid.
E) O2.
Answer: B
‫ لكل جزيء من أكسدة الجلوكوز‬ATP ‫أي من العمليات التالية تنتج معظم‬
78) Which of the following processes produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized?
‫التنفس الهوائي‬
A) aerobic respiration
B) anaerobic respiration
C) alcoholic fermentation
D) lactic acid fermentation
E) All produce approximately the same amount of ATP per molecule of glucose.
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Answer: A
.________ ‫ هو‬، ________ ‫في التخمير‬
79) In fermentation, ________ is ________.
A) NADH . . . reduced
B) NAD+ . . . oxidized
NADH . . . ‫يتأكسد‬
C) NADH . . . oxidized
D) pyruvate . . . oxidized
E) ethanol . . . oxidized
Answer: C
‫ لماذا ال تفرز البيروفات مباشرة‬.‫ مثل الكحول‬، ‫ فإنه يحول البيروفات من التحلل إلى مركبات مختلفة‬، ‫عندما كائن حي مثل الخميرة يعيش بواسطة التخمر‬
80) When an organism such as a yeast lives by fermentation, it converts the pyruvate from glycolysis into a
different compound, such as alcohol. Why doesn't it secrete the pyruvate directly?
A) The conversion yields one ATP per pyruvate molecule.
B) The conversion yields one NADH per pyruvate molecule.
C) The conversion yields one FADH2 per pyruvate molecule.
‫ المستهلكة خالل التحلل‬NAD+ ‫التحويل يحتاج لتجديد‬
D) The conversion is needed to regenerate the NAD+ consumed during glycolysis.
E) A buildup of pyruvate in the surrounding environment would be too toxic.
Answer: D
‫وجع العضالت المرتبط بممارسة التمارين الرياضية على االقل يرجع جزئيا الى‬
81) Muscle soreness associated with strenuous exercise is at least partly due to
A) an excess of ATP that builds up during vigorous exercise.
‫وجود الالكتات التي أنتجت خالل التخمير في خاليا العضالت‬
B) the presence of lactate produced during fermentation in muscle cells.
C) the large amount of carbon dioxide that builds up in the muscle.
D) the accumulation of alcohol from anaerobic respiration.
E) the excess buildup of carbon monoxide due to inefficient respiration.
Answer: B
‫ وجد األطباء أن‬.‫ فإن العضالت ال تزال تعمل‬، ‫ ومع ذلك‬.‫طفل ولد مع مرض نادر في الميتوكوندريا التي تكون مفقودة من خاليا عض الت الهيكل العظمي‬
82) A child is born with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from skeletal muscle cells.
However, the muscles still function. Physicians find that
‫العضالت تحتوي على كميات كبيرة من الالكتات التابعه حتى في ممارسة الرياضة الجسديه‬
A) the muscles contain large amounts of lactate following even mild physical exercise.
B) the muscles contain large amounts of carbon dioxide following even mild physical exercise.
C) the muscles require extremely high levels of oxygen to function.
D) the muscle cells cannot split glucose to pyruvate.
E) the muscles require extremely large amounts of carbon dioxide to function.
Answer: A
‫ بعد عدة أيام وجدوا أن مستويات‬.‫ قاموا باضافة الخميرة إلى عصير العنب الحلو المخلوط وسمحت للخميرة في النمو‬.‫بعض األصدقاء يحاولون صنع النبيذ في القبو‬
‫ التفسير االكثر ترجيحا هو ان‬.‫ ولكن ليس هناك كحول في الخليط‬، ‫السكر في عصير العنب قد انخفض‬
83) Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice
mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days they find that sugar levels in the grape juice
have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that
A) the mixture needs more sugar, because yeast need a lot of energy before they can begin to produce
alcohol.
‫ وذلك ألن الخميرة فقط تنتج الكحول في غياب األكسجين‬، ‫الخليط يحتاج اقل اكسجين‬
B) the mixture needs less oxygen, because yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen.
C) the mixture needs more oxygen, because yeast need oxygen to break down sugar and get enough
energy to produce alcohol.
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D) the mixture needs less sugar, because high sugar concentrations stimulate cellular respiration, and
alcohol is not a by-product of cellular respiration.
E) the yeast used the alcohol as a carbon source.
Answer: B
، ‫في خاليا الخميرة‬
84) In yeast cells,
A) lactic acid is produced during anaerobic respiration.
B) lactic acid is produced during glycolysis.
C) alcohol is produced during the citric acid cycle.
‫يتم انتاج الكحول بعد التحلل‬
D) alcohol is produced after glycolysis.
E) glucose is produced during photosynthesis.
Answer: D
‫ الجسم يجب أن يبدأ من‬، ‫للحصول على الطاقة من النشا والجاليكوجين‬
85) To obtain energy from starch and glycogen, the body must begin by
A) hydrolyzing the starch to glucose and the glycogen to amino acids.
‫تميؤ كل من النشا والجليكوجين الى جلوكوز‬
B) hydrolyzing both starch and glycogen to glucose.
C) converting both starch and glycogen to fatty acids.
D) removing nitrogen atoms from both molecules.
E) removing one glucose at a time with a condensation reaction.
Answer: B
‫ فان البروتينات‬، ‫عندما تستخدم البروتينات كمصدر للطاقة في الجسم‬
86) When proteins are used as a source of energy for the body, the proteins
A) are converted into glucose molecules, which are fed into glycolysis.
‫يتم تحويلها بشكل رئيسي إلى وسيط للتحلل أو دورة حمض الستريك‬
B) are converted mainly into intermediates of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.
C) are hydrolyzed to their constituent amino acids; electrons are stripped from the amino acids and
passed to the electron transport chain.
D) are hydrolyzed to glycerols and then converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which is fed into
glycolysis.
E) are hydrolyzed to fatty acids and converted to acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle.
Answer: B
‫ فمن األولى تكسر الدهون الى‬، ‫الخلية عندما تستخدم الدهون للتنفس الهوائي‬
87) When a cell uses fats for aerobic respiration, it first hydrolyzes fats to
A) glycerol and amino acids.
‫جلسرين وأحماض دهنية‬
B) glycerol and fatty acids.
C) fatty acids and sugars.
D) sugars and amino acids.
E) sugars and glycerol.
Answer: B
ATP ‫ من التي سوف تسفر اكثر‬، ‫ غرام من كل من العناصر التالية‬1 ‫إذا كنت تستهلك‬
88) If you consume 1 g of each of the following, which will yield the most ATP?
‫الدهون‬
A) fat
B) glucose
C) sucrose
D) protein
E) starch
Answer: A
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‫المعادلة الملخصه لعملية التمثيل الضوئي‬
89) The summary equation for photosynthesis is
A) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6 O2.
B) C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + sunlight → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O.
C) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + sunlight → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O.
D) the same as the equation for glycolysis written in reverse.
E) 6 CH2O + 5 O2 + sunlight → CO2 + 2 H2O.
Answer: A
‫ذاتية التغذيه الضوئيه‬
90) Photoautotrophs
A) make sugar by using organic raw materials.
‫تنتج جزيئات عضوية من جزيئات غير عضوية‬
B) produce organic molecules from inorganic molecules.
C) eat other organisms that use light energy to make food molecules.
D) include only the green plants.
E) are only found on land.
Answer: B
‫أي من التالي هو مثال لذاتية التغذيه الضوئيه‬
91) Which of the following is an example of a photoautotroph?
‫البكتيريا الزرقاء في المياه العذبة والنظم اإليكولوجية البحرية‬
A) cyanobacteria in freshwater and marine ecosystems
B) grizzly bears in Alaska
C) bacteria in our mouth
D) fungi growing in the refrigerator
E) mushrooms growing on the side of a dead tree
Answer: A
‫الكائنات ذاتية التغذيه التي تستخدم الضوء كمصدر للطاقة هي‬
92) Autotrophs that utilize light as their energy source are
A) chemosynthetic autotrophs.
‫ذاتية التغذيه الضوئيه‬
B) photoautotrophs.
C) consumers.
D) fungi.
E) heterotrophs.
Answer: B
‫ اليخضور (البالستيدات الخضراء) هو‬، ‫في معظم النباتات الخضراء‬
93) In most green plants, chloroplasts are
)‫تتركز في منطقة من انسجة الورق تسمى الميزوفيل (النسيج الوسطي‬
A) concentrated in a zone of leaf tissue called the mesophyll.
B) concentrated in the stomata.
C) concentrated in a portion of the leaf called the stroma.
D) found throughout the leaf tissue.
E) found throughout the plant.
Answer: A
‫خاليا ________ في األوراق هي المتخصصة لعملية التمثيل الضوئي‬
94) ________ cells in leaves are specialized for photosynthesis.
A) Companion
)‫الميزوفيل (النسيج الوسطي‬
B) Mesophyll
C) Sclerenchyma
D) Tracheid
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E) Collenchyma
Answer: B
‫ يهرب من ورقة عبر‬O2 ‫ يدخل و‬CO2
95) CO2 enters and O2 escapes from a leaf via
‫الثغور‬
A) stomata.
B) thylakoids.
C) grana.
D) stroma.
E) central vacuoles.
Answer: A
‫ السكريات مصنوعة في حجرة مليئة بسائل سميك يسمى‬، ‫في البالستيدات الخضراء‬
96) In the chloroplast, sugars are made in a compartment that is filled with a thick fluid called the
A) stomata.
B) thylakoid.
C) matrix.
‫الحشوة‬
D) stroma.
E) mesophyll.
Answer: D
‫ مرتبة في متراصه تدعى‬disklike ‫البالستيدات الخضراء تحتوي على غشاء حويصالت‬
97) Chloroplasts contain disklike membranous sacs arranged in stacks called
A) cristae.
B) thylakoids.
‫كيس قريصي او حبيبة‬
C) grana.
D) vacuoles.
E) stroma.
Answer: C
‫أين هو الكلوروفيل الموجود في الخلية النباتية‬
98) Where is chlorophyll found in a plant cell?
A) stroma
‫أغشية قريصيه‬
B) thylakoid membranes
C) matrix
D) cytoplasm
E) cristae
Answer: B
‫األوكسجين في الهواء كناتج لعملية التمثيل الضوئي يأتي من‬
99) The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from
‫الماء‬
A) water.
B) glucose.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) chlorophyll.
E) mitochondria.
Answer: A
‫أي من الجزيئات التالية على تكون في المتفاعالت والنواتج لعملية التمثيل الضوئي‬
100) Which of the following molecules is both a reactant and a product of photosynthesis?
A) H2O
B) glucose
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C) O2
D) CO2
E) chlorophyll
Answer: A
‫ في أي من النواتج للبناء الضوئي سوف تظهران الهيدروجين‬، ‫إذا عرضت عملية البناء الضوئي للماء الذي يحتوي على كل من هيدروجين مشع و اوكسجين مشع‬
‫المشع و االوكسجين المشع‬
101) If you expose a photosynthesizing plant to water that contains both radioactive H and radioactive O, in
which of the products of photosynthesis will the radioactive H and O show up?
A) H and O both in glucose
B) H in glucose; O in water
C) H in water; O in glucose
O2 ‫الهيدروجين في الجلوكوز والماء ؛ واالوكسجين في‬
D) H in glucose and water; O in O2
E) H in glucose and water; O in water and O2
Answer: D
‫تفاعل أكسدة ينطوي على نقل‬
102) A redox reaction involves the transfer of
A) a hydrogen ion.
B) oxygen.
C) water.
‫إلكترون‬
D) an electron.
E) carbon dioxide.
Answer: D
‫أي من العبارات التالية المتعلقة بدور تفاعالت األكسدة في عملية التمثيل الضوئي والتنفس الخلوي هو الصحيح‬
103) Which of the following statements concerning the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis and cellular
respiration is true?
A) Photosynthesis involves only reductions, while respiration involves only oxidations.
B) Photosynthesis involves only oxidations, while respiration involves only reductions.
C) In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is oxidized to form sugar, while in respiration, sugar is reduced to
form carbon dioxide.
‫ السكر يتم أكسدته لتشكيل ثاني أكسيد الكربون‬، ‫ بينما في التنفس‬، ‫ ثاني أكسيد الكربون يتم تخفيضه لتشكيل السكر‬، ‫في عملية البناء الضوئي‬
D) In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to form sugar, while in respiration, sugar is oxidized to
form carbon dioxide.
E) Photosynthesis involves both reduction and oxidation, while respiration involves only oxidation.
Answer: D
‫ما هو مصدر الطاقة الذي يوفر دفعة لإللكترونات خالل عملية التمثيل الضوئي‬
104) What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis?
‫ضوء‬
A) light
B) electromagnetism
C) cellular respiration
D) ATP
E) glucose
Answer: A
‫أي من العبارات التالية بخصوص عملية التمثيل الضوئي هي خاطئة‬
105) Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis is false?
‫ ولكن فقط أثناء التنفس‬، ‫ ال تنتج خالل عملية التمثيل الضوئي‬ATP
A) ATP is not produced during photosynthesis, but only during respiration.
B) Photosynthesis is ultimately powered by light energy and respiration by the chemical energy of fuel
molecules.
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C) Photosynthesis consumes CO2; respiration consumes O2.
D) Photosynthesis produces O2; respiration produces CO2.
E) The principal electron carrier in photosynthesis is NADPH; the principal electron carrier in
respiration is NADH.
Answer: A
________ ‫ في حين أن دورة كالفين يحدث في‬،________ ‫تفاعالت الضوء تحدث في‬
106) The light reactions occur in the ________, while the Calvin cycle occurs in the ________.
A) stroma . . . thylakoid membranes
B) stroma . . . nucleus
C) cytoplasm . . . stroma
D) cytoplasm . . . thylakoid membrane
‫ الحشوه‬. . . ‫أغشية القريصات‬
E) thylakoid membranes . . . stroma
Answer: E
‫أي من األمور التالية التي يتم إنتاجها أثناء تفاعالت الضوء في عملية التمثيل الضوئي‬
107) Which of the following are produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
A) glucose, ADP, NADP+
B) glucose, ADP, NADP+, CO2
C) ADP, NADP+, O2
D) ATP, NADPH, O2
E) ATP, NADPH, CO2
Answer: D
‫أي مما يلي هو جزء من تفاعالت الضوء‬
108) Which of the following is part of the light reaction?
A) carbon fixation
B) reduction of carbon
C) addition of electrons and protons to carbon
D) regeneration of NADP+
O2 ‫تشكيل لمنتجات النفايات في شكل‬
E) formation of waste products in the form of O2
Answer: E
‫أي من األمور التالية التي يتم إنتاجها خالل دورة كالفن‬
109) Which of the following are produced during the Calvin cycle?
A) glucose, ADP, NADP+
B) glucose, ADP, NADP+, CO2
C) ADP, NADP+, O2
D) ATP, NADPH, O2
E) ATP, NADPH, CO2
Answer: A
‫ واألكسجين الذي نتنفسه هو‬، ‫المصدر النهائي لجميع الطعام الذي نأكله‬
110) The ultimate source of all the food we eat and the oxygen we breathe is
A) cellular respiration.
B) chemiosmosis.
‫التمثيل الضوئي‬
C) photosynthesis.
D) glycolysis.
E) anaerobic metabolism.
Answer: C
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‫النباتات تستخدم السكريات كـ‬
111) Plants use sugars as
A) a fuel for photophosphorylation.
B) a fuel for photosynthesis.
C) a starting material for the Calvin cycle.
D) a source of electrons for chemiosmosis.
‫وقود للتنفس الخلوي ومادة أولية لصنع غيرها من الجزيئات العضوية‬
E) a fuel for cellular respiration and a starting material for making other organic molecules.
Answer: E
‫الخاليا النباتية‬
112) Plant cells
A) lack mitochondria and chloroplasts.
B) lack mitochondria but have chloroplasts.
C) have mitochondria but do not have chloroplasts.
‫تحتوي الميتوكوندريا والبالستيدات الخضراء‬
D) have mitochondria and chloroplasts.
E) have chloroplasts and vestigial mitochondria.
Answer: D
‫ بواسطة الروبيسكو لتشكيل ثنائي كربون المنتج الذي تم من قبل خلية لثاني أكسيد الكربون والماء تعرف‬RuBP ‫اضافة االكسجين لمركب‬
113) The addition of oxygen to RuBP by rubisco to form a two-carbon product that is then broken down by
the cell to carbon dioxide and water defines
A) cellular respiration.
‫التنفس الضوئي‬
B) photorespiration.
C) chemiosmosis.
D) photophosphorylation.
E) aerobic respiration.
Answer: B
‫ما هي الميزة الرئيسية التكيفية للكربون الرباعي واستراتيجيات البناء الضوئي لاليض الحمضي العشبي خالل إستراتيجية الكربون الثالثي‬
114) What is the main adaptive advantage of the C4 and CAM photosynthesis strategies over the C3
strategy?
‫تساعد على المحافظة على المياه ومصنع تجميع الجلوكوز بكفاءة في ظل الظروف الحارة والجافة‬
A) They help the plant conserve water and synthesize glucose efficiently under hot, dry conditions.
B) They allow the plant to fix carbon more efficiently under conditions of low atmospheric CO2.
C) They allow the plant to fix carbon more efficiently in dim or cool conditions.
D) They make it possible for the plant to use the Calvin cycle at night.
E) They allow the plant to avoid photorespiration by producing a four-carbon sugar in place of
glucose.
Answer: A
‫تأثير ظاهرة االحتباس الحراري‬
115) The greenhouse effect is
‫ الذي يؤدي إلى إزالة ثاني أكسيد الكربون من الجو‬، ‫تخفيض التمثيل الضوئي‬
A) reduced by photosynthesis, which removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
B) made worse by photosynthesis, which adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
C) reduced by the burning of fossil fuels, which removes oxygen from the atmosphere.
D) reduced by the addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, since carbon dioxide removes excess
heat from the Earth's surface and reflects it back into space.
E) of little concern, since it is part of the normal cycle for the planet.
Answer: A
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‫أي من العبارات التالية حول ظاهرة االحتباس الحراري صحيحة‬
116) Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect is true?
A) The greenhouse effect is reduced by deforestation.
‫تأثير ظاهرة االحتباس الحراري التي تفاقمت بسبب استخدام الوقود الحفري‬
B) The greenhouse effect is exacerbated by the use of fossil fuels.
C) The greenhouse effect is inversely related to increasing levels of atmospheric CO2.
D) The greenhouse effect will decrease the average temperature of the planet.
E) The greenhouse effect has no direct relationship with the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s.
Answer: B
‫قيل إن قطع الغابات ذات النمو القديم واستبدالها بغرس أشجار شابه من شأنه أن يساعد على التخفيف من خطر ظاهرة االحتباس الحراري المسببة لالحتباس‬
‫ ما هي الحقيقة الهامة التي ال نتجاهل هذه الحجة‬.‫الحراري‬
117) It has been argued that cutting old-growth forests and replacing them with plantations of young trees
would help to alleviate the threat of global greenhouse warming. What important fact does this argument
ignore?
A) Forests play too minor a role in global CO2 dynamics, which are affected far more by marine algae.
B) Young trees fix carbon at a lower rate per unit mass than old trees.
‫ في سنوات قليلة‬CO2 ‫معظم الكتلة الحيوية من قطع األشجار ستضاف الى الغالف الجوي كـ‬
C) Most of the biomass of the cut trees would be added to the atmosphere as CO2 within a few years.
D) Most of the young trees would die within a few years.
E) Young trees emit ozone-destroying gases at a higher rate than old trees and would thus worsen the
ozone-hole problem while alleviating global warming.
Answer: C
‫األوزون‬
118) Ozone
A) formation is promoted by CFCs.
B) is broken down by carbon dioxide.
C) is a source of oxygen for cellular respiration.
D) levels in the atmosphere have been steadily increasing in the past century.
‫تحمي األرض من األشعة فوق البنفسجية‬
E) protects Earth from UV radiation.
Answer: E
)‫األوزون يتكون من ________ ذرة األكسجين (ذرات‬
119) Ozone consists of ________ oxygen atom(s).
A) zero
B) one
C) two
D) three
E) four
Answer: D
‫ الماضية‬50 ‫أي من األمور التالية التي قد تشكل مصدرا رئيسيا لتدمير طبقة األوزون على مدى السنوات ال‬
120) Which of the following has been a major source of ozone destruction over the past 50 years?
‫الكربونات الفلوريه الكلوريه‬
A) chlorofluorocarbons
B) ethylene glycol
C) carbon dioxide
D) chemiosmosis
E) cellular respiration
Answer: A
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