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Life –the Seventh Parameter
(Biology Worksheet)
1What are some differences between living beings and non living things?
2. Give three examples of living beings and three examples of non living
beings.
Label L or NL
Sun
Star
Virus
Man
Moon
Fungus
Bacteria
Wheat
God-----------
3What is a soul?
4.Do dogs have souls?
Water
Mold
Dog
Acorn
Fire
Angel
Oak tree
5. Do plants have souls?
6. Do rocks have souls?
7. Do streams have souls?
8.What are three marks of Living Beings?
9What is Biology? (Show the Greek root words)
10 Name four characteristics of life as usually defined in Biology Textbooks.
11 Name two forms of Life which most biology books leave out when
discussing the study of life.” Why are they left out?
LIFE ON EARTH
11. The solar system formed about 4.6 billion years ago. The moon was
formed from a collision of some body with the molten earth. Soon after
there was a “water event” which covered 70% of the earth with water. The
first fossil of physical life seems to be from about 3.8 billion years ago.
What is that form of life?
12. The basic structure of matter is built on atoms. What is the basic
structure of physical life?
13. What are the two types of cells?
14. Which kind of cell is bigger? This varies but in general how much
bigger?
15. A prokaryotic cell is about how wide?
a) one millimeter: a meter stick divided by 1000 (10-3 m)
b) one micron: a meter stick divided by a million (10-6 m)
16. Match the cell type (procaryote or eucaryote) with these Five Kingdoms:
Bacteria
Protists (e.g. Algae, seaweed and amoeba)
Fungi (mold, mushrooms and yeast)
Plants
Animals
17. What type of cells provide the structure for the human organism?
18. What is an organism?
19. How were the first eucaryotic cells formed 2 billion years ago?
20. Draw a prokaryote cell and label: Cell capsule, cell wall, cell membrane,
DNA,
ribosomes
21. Draw two kinds of eucaroytic cells-a plant cell and a animal cell.
Plant: Label cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast,
vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum ribosome’s Golgi apparatus.
Animal cell: Label Cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic
reticulum, ribosome’s, Golgi apparatus,
22. Explain the coverings of a bacteria, a plant cell and an animal cell?
23. As cells become more complex, they lose more coverings. What does
this allow them to do?
24. All cells have membranes to separate the inside of the cell from the
outside. The structure is called a phospho bilipid membrane. Draw this
universal structure of cell membranes. Label Phosphorous(P+) and show
CCCC bonds with Hydrogen(H)attached. In your drawing, label the inside
of the cell and outside and draw it so we can see why it is called a BIlipid.
25.Explain the functions of these cell organelles and what kind of cells
contain them.
Mitochondria-
Chloroplast-
Ribosomes-
Lysosomes-
Vacuole-
Golgi Body-
Nucleus-
Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)-
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(RER)
Chloroplast
26. What is homeostasis?
27. What is metabolism?
28.What are the two types of metabolism?
For cells to live, they need chemicals or molecules to build their basic
structures. They also need a source of energy to drive the chemical reactions
that maintain cellular integrity, perform “work” in the cell, stimulate growth
and promote cellular division.
29. Changing chemicals and molecules to build up the molecules and
structures needed for life is called
30. Breaking down molecules for energy or to make waste products is called
31 List the five kingdoms of non human life. Give an example of an
organism in each kingdom. Give a one or two sentence description of some
defining metabolic, structural or developmental characteristic of each kingdo
m.
32 Most biology books never treat man as part of a separate kingdom. They
define man as an animal, a mammal and a primate. We are all of these but
what is the Catholic rationale for including man in a separate Kingdom?
Energy in Living Systems:
Primary Producers and the Food Chain
Primary producers are life forms (bacteria, algae and plants) which use
energy from light to activate electrons and break open water molecules into
hydrogen ions, electrons and pure oxygen.
Breaking open water molecules with light is called photolysis and is one of
the most important energy transformations in all biology. This allows living
systems to tap the energy from the nuclear reactions of the Sun and turn that
energy into the service of the bacteria, the algae, or the plant. This ability to
use the outside world for one’s own purposes is a cardinal feature of life.
The water molecule is very stable but when it is broken into hydrogen ions,
individual electrons and pure oxygen—each of these can drive energy
reactions in cells.
What is photolysis?
Can animals and humans utilize light to split open water and get energy for
work?
Primary producers(like some bacteria, algae and plants) are also able to
synthesize sugar from carbon dioxide(CO2). Where does the CO2 come
from?
How do plants get Carbon Dioxide (CO2)?
How do plants get water (H2O)?
Building up glucose (C6H12O6) from many molecules of CO2 and H2O takes
energy and special enzymes to activate the right chemical reactions. This
ability of some bacteria, protists, and plants to make sugar (glucose)
provides the basic energy molecule (glucose) needed for all animal and
human life.
Can humans build up CO2 into glucose (C6H12O6)?
Can plants synthesize glucose from CO2 in the air?
What is the combined name for these two processes a)splitting water with
light and b) making glucose
Write a formula for the chemical reaction of photosynthesis. Label reactants
and products.
The Chemistry of LifeFrom Atoms to Organic Molecules
Fourteen billion years ago the first appearance of matter followed the high
radiation high temperature event known as the Big Bang. Quarks were
drawn together by the strong nuclear force into protons and neutrons.
Seconds later electrons appeared. Because there was so much heat and
radiation the protons,neutrons and electrons did not form atoms right away.
Matter was not in the solid, liquid or gas state but in a state called plasma
where electrons are not associated in energy shells around the atomic nuclei.
Protons and neutrons both weigh about the same (10-27 kg) or one Dalton or
one atomic mass unit (a.m.u.). Electrons weigh about 1/2000 and are not
usually figured in atomic weights. Protons have a positive charge. Electrons
are negative and neutrons are neutral. Protons and neutrons are found in the
nuclei of atoms. Electrons are outside nuclei in different levels of energy
shells. The negatively charged electrons are held in he atom by the
electromagnetic attractive force of the positively charged protons. An atom
is 10,000 times smaller than a cell and the nucleus of the atom is 100,000
smaller than the diameter of an atom. (atomic nucleus=10-15 m: diameter of
an atom=10-10 meters; diameter of bacteria cell=10-6 m diameter of
eucaryotic cell 10-5 m.
What are the three sub atomic particles which make up atoms?
Which two are in the nuclei of atoms and have about the same mass.
Which subatomic particle is positively charged?
Which is neutral?
What fundamental force holds neutrons and protons in the nucleus and also
drew together the original quarks into protons and neutrons?
What fundamental force draws negatively charged electrons into energy
shells around positively charged protons in the nucleus of an atom?
Which is bigger: an atom or a cell?
The first atomic nuclei right after the big bang 13.7 billion years ago were
helium(2 protons and 2 neutrons) and isotopes of hydrogen(one proton, one
proton and one neutron and one proton and two neutrons).
All of matter expanded and cooled enough that the positive nuclei attracted
the negative electrons and neutral hydrogen and helium atoms were formed.
These two atoms were the first atoms and still make up over 99% of the all
matter in the universe and over 99% of all stars including our Sun.
The third fundamental force in nature is gravity. Gravity is the attractive
force which keeps the earth revolving around the Sun and draws us to the
earth if we step out the window of a high building. It is also the attractive
force that drew hydrogen and helium atoms together in great swirling
clouds(nebula) that formed stars. Stars are the most common forms in the
Universe. As stars get bigger their centers develop very high temperatures
and pressures and the protons and neutrons in Hydrogen and Helium are
fused together to make heavier and heavier elements up to Iron. A star big
enough and hot enough to allow the nuclear fusion of Iron(Fe) eventually
explodes in what is called a supernova. That makes even higher
temperatures and pressures so all the other elements heavier than Iron(like
Lead and Gold and Uranium) are formed by nuclear fusion in supernovas.
There are about 100 ways that protons and neutrons come together to form
the nuclei of the basic elements. All of the protons and neutrons came from
the original big bang event and all the nuclear fusion to make the nuclei of
the elements happened in stars and super novas. When we remember that
“thou art dust and unto dust thou shall return” we should think of how all the
atoms which form our bodies are made from stardust.
What makes one element different than another?
Write the symbol for these elements and include the atomic number on the
upper right and the atomic mass number on the lower left.
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Nitrogen, Sulfur
What does the atomic number represent?
What does the atomic mass number represent?
In a neutral atom how do we find the number of electrons in the atom?
What is an isotope? Give an example.
What is an ion? Give an example.
Electrons are negatively charged particles and are tied to the positive nuclei
in different energy shells. The inner shell of electrons can only hold two
electrons. The other shells can hold more electrons but are considered
complete when they hold eight electrons. Chemical bonds between different
elements or bonds between different atoms of the same element involve the
outer shell of electrons. The electrons in the outer shell are called valence
electrons. Chemical bonds are interactions between valence electrons. These
bonds of outer shell valence electrons often follow the “rule of eight”
which means chemical bonds are aimed at completing the outer electron
shells with eight electrons.
What are three kinds of chemical bonds?
How do ionic bonds form (tell also how this kind of bond achieves the rule
of eight)?
How do covalent bonds form?
Metallic bonds do not really follow the rule of eight. The outer shell
electrons in metallic bonds are DELOCALIZED from their nuclei and
together form a “sea of electrons.” This sea of electrons explains why
metals are such good electrical conductors.
What kind of a bond is NaCl?
What kind of a bond is water (H2O)?
What kind of bonds make up the “molecules of life”-glucose, proteins, lipids,
DNA, ATP and vitamins?
The atmosphere is a mixture of gas molecules 78% N2 21% O2 and 1%
Argon. About 1-5% of the atmosphere is water vapor(H2O as a gas) and less
than 1% of the atmosphere is Carbon Dioxide(CO2) and methane(CH4). The
whole atmosphere is a mixture which is a combination of chemicals not
bound to each other by chemical bonds. The individual compounds and
molecules though all have the same kind of bonds. Are the bonds of N2, CO2
H2O and O2 ionic or covalent?
The rocks of the crust and the deep mantle of the earth are
made of covalent networks of Silicon Dioxide. Sand is SiO2.
The core of the earth is Iron. What is the primary kind of
chemical bonds linking iron atoms in the core of the earth?
(This little paragraph you will need to read many times. Every time you
will learn something but you will come to understand it better and better as
we go further along in the worksheet)
Living systems utilize or synthesize certain basic molecules
to carry out the basic functions of all cells and life.
Membranes are made of lipids. Amino acids are the
building blocks for proteins which act as enzymes and
provide structure in cells. Simple sugars(monosaccahrides)
are used for energy in cells. Sugars are stored in long
chains-polysaccharides—glycogen in animals and starch in
plants. Nucleotides are a combination of a) a five carbon
sugar, b) a phosphate group and c) a nitrogen-carbon ring
group called a nitrogenous base. These three part
nucleotides form the basis of DNA, RNA, ADP, ATP
NAD and NADH. DNA and RNA are the basic molecules
of genetics and form the code for making proteins in all
organisms. ADP and ATP are the molecules which transfer
energy to drive cell chemical reactions and life processes.
NAD and NADH are molecules which carry Hydrogen ions
from nutrients to build them up on one side of a membrane
forming a “proton pump battery” which regenerates the
energy molecule ATP.
What is the primary type of chemical bond which holds
together all these molecules of life?
Basic Nutrients: Carbohydrates
What are the three chemical elements(and in what ratio) in
carbohydrates?
What is the basic chemical formula of a monosaccharide.
What are three monosaccharides?
What does mono mean? Define two other words which use
“mono”.
Do glucose, fructose and galactose differ in chemical
formulas or in slight ways the atoms are arranged.
Draw a structure of glucose.
What is a dissacharide?
Name three common disaccharides.
What two sugars make up each dissacharide and where in
our diet do we find them?
What is a polysaccahride?
What is the most common storage form of sugars in
animals?
What is the most common form of sugar storage in plants.
What kind of molecules are grasses, plant stems and bark
made of?
Basic Molecules:Proteins
What are the molecular building blocks of proteins?
Draw the structure of an amino acid.
Point out the amine group and the acid group.
There are 22 amino acids which code for proteins. Show on
the structure of an amino acid what makes one amino acid
different from another.
What does it mean to say for humans that there are EIGHT
essential amino acids?
Draw two amino acids and show how they are linked in a
peptide bond.
What is a peptide bond?
What is a polypeptide?
Are all proteins polypeptides?
Are all polypeptides proteins?
Basic Molecules: Lipids
Lipids are predominately made of what two elements?
Draw a triglyceride—label the glycerol and three fatty
acids.
Draw a fatty acid structure.
What is a saturated fatty acid?
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
Butter and Crisco shortening are made of
Most liquid vegetable oils are made of
Draw a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid and show the
difference.
Cholesterol is a type of lipid which plays a important role
in life. Show its basic structure.
Basic Molecules:Nucleotides
All nucleotides have what three component parts?
Draw DNA
There are four “bases” associated with DNA. What are
they?
DNA occurs in double strands so they can unravel and
divide into different cells. The DNA strands are connected
by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases,
Guanine bases always bind with Cytisine bases while
Adenine always binds with Thymine. Draw the DOUBLE
HELIX of DNA
What is the process by which one strand of DNA allows a
complementary strand to be synthesized on it?
Why are two strands of complementary DNA needed?
Draw RNA
There are four possible bases associated with RNA. What
are they?
What is the difference between the sugar group of DNA
and the sugar group of RNA?
RNA can be synthesized on a DNA strand in a particular
order of bases. Show a DNA strand with bases unraveled
and in a certain order. Then show which RNA nucleotides
will bind to the DNA to form a new messenger RNA.
What is the process called when DNA synthesizes a
complementary strand of RNA(called messenger RNA)?
Draw ADP
Draw ATP
Draw NADH
Functions of Basic Molecules
Proteins provide structure for the cell. Actin and myosin are
long proteins in animal cells which can contract and expand
when properly stimulated. In what kind of tissues are actin
and myosin found?
What kind of molecules form enzymes?
What are enzymes?
Draw a cartoon diagram of an enzyme in action. Label
a)substrates; b) products; c) active site of enzyme.
Show three frames: 1)all the players before the active site is
“activated”
2)The active site exposed and the act of catalysis
3) The product newly formed and the return of the enzyme
to original configuration.
Lipids provide the structure of all membranes.
Triglycerides are a major way animal cells store energy as
fat molecules.
Steroids are the building blocks of many hormones like sex
hormones(testosterone and estrogen) and cortisol.
Cholesterol is essential for cell membranes in animals and
humans. Cholesterol is the building block for bile salts
needed in the absorption of fats for animals and humans.
What molecule forms the basic bilayer of all membranes?
In what form is fat stored in animal cells?
Cholesterol forms the structural building block for what
important molecules in animals and humans?
DNA is found in the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells and the
cytoplasm of bacteria. The function of DNA is to provide a
menu (by way of a code of bases) for the syntheisis of
proteins. The alteration of DNA bases provide for the
particular synthesis of complementary RNA strands which
are formed on the DNA(in the nucleus) and then go to the
cytoplasm and ribosomes to provide a template for protein
synthesis. Transfer RNA brings just the right individual
amino acids in sequence according to the RNA base code(3
bases code for a specific amino acid). The DNA in a
mother cell is passed on to daughter cells so the ability to
code for the thousands of proteins which are needed in a
particular organism are passed down to the next generation
of cells. Genes are specific segments of DNA which code
for a particular protein.
When DNA reproduces ITSELF before cell division what
is this called?
When DNA synthesizes a particular RNA which is coding
for a particular protein what is this called?
What code is in DNA that allows it to pass that code to
RNA in the nucleus and then the RNA can pass the code to
transfer RNA on the ribosome in the cytoplasm?
Is the genetic protein code built on
a) changes in the amount of phosphorous in DNA
b)sequences of the bases on DNA and complementary
bases on RNA
c)alterations in the sugar molecules
How does the code on DNA get transferred to RNA?
What molecule has a code of sequential bases and an amino
acid attached?
In transfer RNA what determines which amino acid is
attached to the tRNA?
What is it called when transfer RNA hooks up with mRNA
on a Ribosome and a string of amino acids are brought
together and linked by peptide bonds to form a particular
polypetide?
Solutions and Life
Life was formed by an act of the Spirit in which atoms and
molecules were drawn together into a complicated
functioning single cell organism. The water on the in side
of the cell is never pure water. In all cells there is a large
excess of what ion on the inside of cells?
The ocean and the interstitial fluid which bathes all animal
cells is made up of what ionic salt solution?
Solutions are substances dissolved in another substance so
they are both in the same physical phase. Soap flakes in
water are a suspension or emulsion. Sugar in water
dissolves into a solution. In salt water, what is the solvent
and what is the solute?
Because of the cell membranes separating different ion
groups, the inside of the cell has a positive or negative
charge in relation to the outside?
Why is charge separation important for living cells?
Water molecules are classed as polar molecules. What does
that mean?
Draw a few H2O molecules and show how polarity leads to
hydrogen bonding.
What is pH?
What does it mean to say that the Hydrogen ion
concentration is 10-3
What is the pH for a solution with a hydrogen
concentration of:
10-4
10-7
10-11
Which of the concentrations has the highest hydrogen
concentration?
Which solution has a higher concentration of Hydrogen: a
solution with a ph of 3 or a solution with a ph of 6?
How much higher is a hydrogen ion concentration of 10-3
than a hydrogen ion concentration of 10-6?
There are many situations in biology and chemistry when
the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution is very important.
The pH range goes from 1-14. Low pH(higher Hydrogen
concentrations) are called acids and high pH(less Hydrogen
ion concentration) are called:
A solution with a pH in the middle (ph =7) is called
If you know the Hydrogen concentration in a solution, you
will always know the OH concentration because the [H+] x
[OH-] is always =10-14. This is called the equilibrium
constant for water disassociation.
What is the concentration of OH ions in a solution if the
concentration of H is:
10-3
10-6
10-7
10-12
What is the H concentration if the pH is
3
7
8
What is the OH concentration if the pH is
3
7
8
Membranes, Gradients and Life
The reason we have to learn about pH and the
concentrations of Hydrogen ions in solutions is because
almost all of life’s energy exchanges involve separating and
then combining different concentrations of atoms and
molecules on different sides of membranes. The first great
marker of life was the separation of the inside from the
outside by the membrane. This establishment of interiority
and subsequent gradients across membranes is a key
characteristic of living beings. Membranes must keep the
outside out but not totally because living things must take
from their environment what is needed for the continuation
of life. Organic molecules and structures are the chemical
compounds and forms which living beings construct.
Living beings take the inorganic chemicals and compounds
from nature and integrate them into their own cellular
forms and structures The interior needs the outside world
but in a very measured and particular way. Some
substances must be allowed freely in. Others are brought
inside by special proteins embedded across the membrane
acting as transport pathways. Other substances diffuse
across the membrane but are boosted by various membrane
modifications. Finally, sometimes the membrane doesn’t let
across the solutes but is permeable to the solvent. This
differential permeability is called a semi permeable
membrane. Cell membranes are permeable to Oxygen,
CO2 and Water so they can diffuse in and out. Most ions,
molecules and particularly glucose however need some
other way across the membrane into the cell.
What is diffusion?
What is facilitated diffusion?
What is active transport?
What is osmosis?
All four of the above processes can describe transfer of
substances across a membrane.
Which process requires a transport protein or extra energy
to move a substance across the membrane?
Which process evens out concentrations of solutes by
transferring water not the solutes across the membrane ?
Which process moves water across the membrane in the
direction of the most concentrated fluid?
Which process moves O2 from highly oxygenated blood to
a low oxygen body cell.
Which process moves CO2 down a concentration gradient
from a heavily worked cell to newly oxygenated blood.
Glucose needs insulin to get across a membrane and into
the cell interior. What process is that?
Sodium (Na+) and Calcium(Ca+) ions are always in much
higher concentrations outside a cell than inside. Sometimes
electrical events in the cell open channels in the membrane
and these ions rush down the concentration gradient. What
is that an example of?
Reproduction, Cell Division and Genetics
When cells reproduce they need to pass all the information
for protein synthesis to the next cells. Proteins govern
chemical pathways as enzymes and perform unique roles in
different organisms. Which proteins an organism can code
for is one of the major differences which distinguishes one
species from another and one individual from another
within species. On the other hand there are tremendous
similarities between species. Genes are sections of DNA
which code for a particular protein. The proteins needed by
a nematode worm are about 75% similar to humans.
Chimps are 95% similar. DNA and genes do not give us
our identity. They supply a menu for the proteins we can
code for. They are not our soul, our identity or active
agents in themselves. Genes(a particular section of DNA)
are ordered sequences of nucleotides which allow proteins
to be synthesized in a organism. DNA can be reproduced
before cell division allowing the faithful passing down of
certain traits and proteins to the next generation.
In eukaryotic cells (which make up protists, fungi, plants,
animals and humans) DNA is found in the nucleus in
double strands and packaged as CHROMOSOMES.
Chromosomes means colored bodies and they are seen
distinctly with a microscope during certain phases of cell
division. Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell. 23 of
the chromosomes are from the mother and 23 are from the
father. Chromosomes are long strands of DNA which can
code for hundreds of different proteins.
What is a gene?
Where in the human cell does DNA replicate?
What is the cell cycle?
What happens during interphase in the cell cycle?
What is mitosis?
In a human how many chromosomes get copied and sent to
each daughter cell in mitosis?
What does it mean to say humans have a diploid number of
chromosomes?
If we have 46 chromosomes, are there any special
similarities between different chromosomes?
What is meiosis?
In the human almost all cell divisions are mitosis but which
cells divide by meiosis?
How many chromosomes are passed to the daughter cells
after meiosis in a human?
If a human egg or spermatocyte cell has 46 chromosomes
and is going to divide by meiosis into a sperm or ovum
with 23 chromosomes, how does the cell insure that those
23 chromosomes will code for all the proteins needed in the
new organism?
What are homologous chromosomes?
Write two sentences using these combinations of three
words:
Sentence A) somatic cells, diploid, mitosis.
Sentence B) gamete, haploid, meiosis
When the male sperm with 23 chromosomes meets the
female egg with 23 chromosomes, the first new cell is
called a zygote.
How many chromosomes does a human zygote have?
The new child receives genetic material for each protein
from the father and from the mother. The new child has 23
sets of homologous chromosomes. What are the sections of
DNA on homologous chromosomes which code for simlia
traits or the same protein called?
Some alleles(gene code for a particular protein or trait) are
dominant which means it will be expressed in the new
offspring more than a recessive gene. So brown eyes are
dominant over blue eyes and if you get a blue gen from
mom and a brown gene from dad the brown gene
dominates and the baby has brown eyes even though half
his genes are for blue eye coloring.
What is a phenotype?
What is a genotype?
What is a dominant gene?
What is an allele?
Draw a unnet square showing the possible offspring of a
father with Brown, blue allels and a mother with blue-blue
alleles.
If brown is dominat what is the probability that children
will have blue eyes?
What is the probability that children will have brown eyes?
Is there any expressed eye color (phenotype) in the
offspring which will tell you for sure what its genotype is?
In humans the sex chromosome is either an X or Y
chromosome. All males have an X and Y chromosome. All
females have two X chromosmes. The Y chromosome is
dominant. Draw a Punnet square and show four
possibilities for offspring.
What is the probability that a baby will be male?
If we know a persons gender(phenotype) do we know the
person genotype?
Metabolism
Plants, algae and many bacteria are able to synthesize sugar
from CO2 in the air and H2O from the ground. 6CO2
+12H2O---2C6H12O6 + 6O2 They can do this because
their DNA codes for a series of enzymes that can trigger a
set of reactions to make this happen. This is called glucose
synthesis and the enzymes involved in this “metabolic
pathway” are called the enzymes of the Calvin Cycle. Do
humans have the enzymes of the Calvin Cycle?
What are the reactants and products of the Calvin Cycle?
Plants, Animals, Humans as well as Bacteria, Protists and
Fungi all know how to use glucose for energy. The set of
reactions that trigger this breakdown of glucose into usable
fragments is called glycolysis. Organisms from which
kingdom first developed the enzymes needed for the
reactions of glycolysis?
Organisms like humans and plants and some bacteria and
protists which can utilize oxygen are also able to get energy
from glucose in a even more efficient way in a set of
reactions called the Krebs Cycle or TCA cycle.
Where do humans get oxygen from?
Where did the free oxygen in the air come from?
The molecule which is able to transfer chemical energy for
many cellular processes is ATP. ATP is formed from ADP
and Phosphate.
An enzyme called ATP synthase attached to a membrane is
activated to form ATP from ADP and Phosphate. Show this
with a diagram of reactants, products and the active site of
ATP synthase.
What kind of a molecule is ATP synthase?
The way ATP synthase is activated is by building up
Hydrogen ions on one side of a membrane(in mitochondria
of eukaryotic cells).
Draw a 2 panel cartoon picture of how Hydrogen ions
pouring through a protein enzyme in a membrane will
activate(reveal the active binding site) of ATP synthase and
link ADP to PO3 and yield ATP.
When we say that cells use glucose for energy, the glucose
is stripped of hydrogen ions which are transported to the
other side of a membrane where this gradient activates the
ATP synthase enzyme. What is the molecule that carries
hydrogen from metabolic reactions to the menbrane where
it is used to activate the enzyme and produce ATP?
What kind of a molecule is NAD?
In many bacteria and all protists and plants(but not fungi)
when sunlight comes into the organism, Water(H2O) is
split open to produce hydrogen ions, activated electrons
and oxygen. How can this splitting of
water(PHOTOLYSIS) and releasing hydrogen ions be a
source of energy for the cell.
Life: A Return to the Big Picture
What are the three characteristics of Life?
How are living beings acting “against the grain” of the
normal physical chemical processes in the universe.
How do we see the development of interiority from
bacteria to humans?
How do we see the development of agency from bacteria to
humans?
In the Sacred Chain of Being (one definition of hierarchy)
how are humans different than animals?
Give a good description of roles that bacteria, protists,
fungi, plants and animals have in maintaining a biosphere
in which man can fulfill his destiny.
What is the role of man in the Universe?
Identify These Molecules or Processes
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)