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62
Chapter 6 Practice Test– The Proteins and Amino Acids
Chapter Learning Objectives
6.1 Describe why some amino acids are essential, nonessential, or conditionally essential to the human body, and
state the outcome should any one of them be lacking from the diet.
6.2 Compare the digestion of protein and transport of amino acids with digestion and transport of lipids in the body.
6.3 Discuss the roles that various proteins and amino acids can play in the body.
6.4 Describe the fate of amino acids consumed with a balanced diet versus a carbohydrate-poor diet.
6.5 Discuss the concept of nitrogen balance and compute the amount of protein needed for a healthy college
student.
6.6 Identify the major forms of protein malnutrition, and discuss reasons why consuming too much protein is not
recommended.
6.7 Summarize the health advantages and nutritional risks of a vegan diet.
6.8 Develop a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet plan that meets all nutrient requirements for a given individual.
True/False Items
L.O.#
Ans.
Page #
6.1
T
193
1.
Sickle-cell disease is an example of an inherited mistake in the amino acid
sequence.
6.3,6.5 F
196
2.
For the majority of exercisers, adding excess protein or amino acid supplements
to an adequate diet will stimulate muscle building.
6.2
F
197
3.
Some foods are so high in acid that they are capable of making the acid in the
stomach even stronger.
6.2
F
197
4.
Amino acid supplements are easy to digest and can relieve the digestive system
from overworking.
6.2
T
199
5.
When a person ingests a large dose of any single amino acid, absorption of
others of its type may be limited.
6.3
T
203
6.
If needed, protein can help to maintain a steady blood glucose level and so serve
the glucose need of the brain.
6.5
T
209
7.
Most people in the U.S. would find it next to impossible not to meet their
protein requirements.
6.6
T
210
8.
PEM is the world’s most widespread form of malnutrition.
6.6
T
210-212
9.
Starvation always incurs wasting of lean body tissue as well as loss of fat.
PRACTICE TEST WITH ANSWERS for Chapter 6 Proteins
63
Controversy 6 True/False Items
L.O.#
Ans.
Page #
6.7
T
220
10. Sound nutrition authorities acknowledge that well-chosen vegetarian diets are
consistent with good health and can meet nutrient needs.
6.7
F
220-221
11. Vegetarians have significantly higher rates of hypertension than the general
population.
6.7
T
221
12. The growth of well-fed vegetarian children is similar to that of their meat-eating
peers.
Comprehension-Level Multiple-Choice Items
L.O.#
Ans.
Page #
6.1
c
190
1.
Which of the following is found in protein but not in carbohydrate or fat?
a. carbon
b. hydrogen
c. nitrogen
d. oxygen
6.1
b
190
2.
Which of the following accounts for the differences among the various amino
acids?
a. the amine group
b. the side chain
c. the acid group
d. a and b
e. b and c
6.1
a
190
3.
The body normally makes tyrosine from the essential amino acid:
a. phenylalanine.
b. leucine.
c. valine.
d. lysine.
6.1
a
191
4.
A(n) _____ bond is formed between the amine group end of one amino acid and
the acid group end of the next amino acid in a protein.
a. peptide
b. amino acid
c. denatured
d. sulfur
6.3
d
192,200
5.
Which of the following is a protein catalyst, which acts on other substances to
change them chemically?
a. hormone
b. antibody
c. lipoprotein
d. enzyme
64
6.1
c
193
6.
How many amino acids are considered to be essential amino acids?
a. 5
b. 7
c. 9
d. 13
6.1
c
193
7.
The sequences of amino acids that make up a protein molecule are specified by:
a. age.
b. sex.
c. heredity.
d. the diet.
6.2
d
196
8.
All of the following cause denaturation of proteins except:
a. bases.
b. alcohol.
c. heat.
d. light.
e. salts of heavy metals.
6.1,6.3 d
196
9.
For athletes, the path to bigger muscles includes
a. vigorous physical training.
b. well-timed meals.
c. excess protein consumption.
d. a and b
e. b and c
6.2
a
197
10. The role of enzymes in the small intestine in protein digestion is to split proteins
into all except:
a. oligopeptides.
b. amino acids.
c. dipeptides.
d. tripeptides.
6.2
b
197
11. The stomach lining is protected from the very strong acid of the stomach by:
a. enzymes.
b. a coat of mucus.
c. saliva.
d. antibodies.
6.2
d
198-199
12. When amino acids are absorbed by the cells of the small intestine:
a. they are absorbed best in large doses of a single amino acid.
b. they are absorbed without preference at all sites on the cells.
c. they must be broken into single amino acids before they can be absorbed.
d. they can be circulated in the bloodstream to other cells and linked together
to create new proteins.
6.4
a
199
13. The process of protein turnover includes:
a. eating food sources of amino acids every day to grow new cells and replace
worn-out ones.
b. synthesizing intestinal cells, which can live for months.
c. preserving all old amino acids in the body to be re-circulated.
d. excreting old amino acids that are left from cell breakdown.
PRACTICE TEST WITH ANSWERS for Chapter 6 Proteins
65
6.3
d
201
14. Proteins attract water and hold it within blood vessels, preventing it from freely
flowing into the spaces between the cells. This is an example of how protein is
used for:
a. supporting growth and maintenance.
b. building enzymes, hormones, and other compounds.
c. building antibodies.
d. maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.
6.3,6.4 b
203
15. When amino acids are degraded for energy, their amine groups are stripped off
and used elsewhere or incorporated by the liver into:
a. bile.
b. urea.
c. glucose.
d. urine.
6.4
e
204
16. If amino acids are oversupplied:
a. the body stores them until they are needed.
b. the body removes and excretes their amine groups.
c. the body converts amino acid residues to glycogen or fat.
d. a and b
e. b and c
6.4
d
204
17. Amino acids are wasted (not used to build protein or nitrogen-containing
compounds) whenever there is:
6.5
c
1.
2.
3.
4.
not enough energy from carbohydrate and fat.
low-quality protein.
too much protein.
high-quality protein.
a.
b.
c.
d.
1 and 3
2 and 4
1, 3, and 4
1, 2, and 3
204
18. The DRI for protein depends on:
a. height.
b. activity level.
c. body size.
d. sex.
6.4,6.5 d
204-206
19. All of the following are needed for the body to synthesize protein except:
a. adequate carbohydrate and fat.
b. an adequate total amount of protein.
c. all essential amino acids in the proper amounts.
d. amino acid supplements.
6.5
206
20. The DRI Committee recommends _____ percent of total calories as the
minimum amount of protein.
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20
b
66
6.5
b
206
21. The DRI for protein for healthy adults is _____ gram(s) per kilogram of body
weight.
a. 0.5
b. 0.8
c. 1.0
d. 1.5
6.5
c
206
22. In making recommendations for protein intake, the committee on DRI took into
consideration that the protein in a normal diet would be:
a. primarily from animal sources.
b. primarily from plant sources.
c. a combination of animal and plant sources.
d. used with 100% efficiency by everyone.
6.5
a
207
23. Negative nitrogen balance occurs in:
a. a surgery patient.
b. growing children.
c. pregnant women.
d. lactating women.
6.5
a
208
24. The strategy of combining two incomplete plant protein sources so that the
amino acids in one food make up for those lacking in the other food is called:
a. mutual supplementation.
b. complementation.
c. simultaneous augmentation.
d. a and b
e. b and c
6.5
b
209
25. Which of the following provides amino acids that are best absorbed by the
body?
a. legumes
b. animal proteins
c. grains
d. vegetables
6.5
d
209
26. Of the following foods, which likely contains the most easily digestible protein?
a. oats
b. whole wheat
c. potatoes
d. tuna
6.5
b
209
27. Which of the following cooking methods would you use to increase the
digestibility of protein?
a. frying
b. stewing
c. grilling
d. baking
6.6
c
210
28. The calorie-deficiency disease resulting from chronic starvation is known most
specifically as:
a. protein-calorie malnutrition.
b. kwashiorkor.
c. marasmus.
d. protein-energy malnutrition.
PRACTICE TEST WITH ANSWERS for Chapter 6 Proteins
67
6.6
d
210-212
29. Which of the following is not a characteristic of children with kwashiorkor?
a. They retain some of their stores of body fat.
b. They accumulate fat in their livers.
c. They develop edema.
d. They look like skin and bones.
6.6
d
212
30. A child with marasmus would exhibit all of the following symptoms except:
a. severe weight loss.
b. dry, thin, and wrinkled skin.
c. apathy.
d. edema.
6.6
a
213
31. Which of the following is not associated with an excess of protein?
a. enlarged livers in humans
b. enlarged kidneys in animals
c. worsening of existing kidney problems
d. high-fat foods that contribute to obesity
6.6
e
214
32. Which of the following groups of the USDA Food Guide contribute(s) an
abundance of high-quality protein?
a. vegetable
b. milk
c. meat
d. a and b
e. b and c
6.6
e
214
33. An overemphasis on protein-rich foods can lead to:
a. a low intake of iron.
b. a low intake of folate.
c. a low intake of vitamin C.
d. a and b
e. b and c
6.6
a
214
34. The more animal protein you eat, the higher your intake of _____.
a. vitamin B12
b. vitamin A
c. folate
d. vitamin C
6.6
a
214
35. Which of the following food groups does not provide significant protein?
a. fruits
b. grains
c. vegetables
d. milk, yogurt and cheese
6.6
c
216
36. The heavy use of soy products in place of meat can inhibit _____ absorption.
a. calcium
b. folate
c. iron
d. vitamin C
68
Application-Level Multiple-Choice Items
L.O.#
Ans.
Page #
6.1
a
190-191
37. Our body has the need to eat protein-containing foods regularly because:
a. we need essential amino acids that can only be provided by foods.
b. our bodies are not able to make any amino acids for protein structure.
c. the function of protein is to maintain our muscle strength.
d. protein is broken down quickly during digestion and lost from the body.
6.1
c
190-191
38. The recycling system for amino acids in the body is used to:
a. primarily provide fuel for the cells to preserve glucose for emergencies.
b. convert nonessential amino acids into essential amino acids if needed by the
body.
c. provide the cells with materials to build body proteins.
d. add protein to muscles when there is a shortage of energy from foods.
6.1
b
194-195
39. The genetic coding or expression that determines our DNA messaging for cells
is:
a. identical in all people to ensure that cells are developed properly.
b. available in all cells but is idle in some cells and active in others.
c. not influenced by any changes in nutrient intake.
d. easily changed if a disease develops in the body.
6.2
e
196
40. Why should eggs be cooked, rather than eaten raw?
a. Raw egg proteins bind the mineral iron.
b. Raw egg proteins speed up protein digestion.
c. Raw egg proteins bind the B vitamin biotin.
d. b and c
e. a and c
6.1,6.2 a
196
41. Why is milk used as a first-aid remedy for someone who has swallowed a
heavy-metal poison?
a. The poison acts on the protein in the milk rather than on the protein of the
gastrointestinal tract.
b. Milk will cause the person to vomit and expel the poison.
c. Milk will provide calcium which serves to render the poison harmless.
d. a and b
e. b and c
6.2
197
42. Your friend states that she avoids acid foods like tomatoes and orange juice
because they give her an acid stomach. How would you respond to this
statement?
a. Highly acidic foods do increase the acidity of the stomach.
b. No food is acidic enough to make the stomach acid stronger.
c. The stomach is supposed to be acidic to do its job.
d. a and b
e. b and c
e
PRACTICE TEST WITH ANSWERS for Chapter 6 Proteins
69
6.2
d
197-199
43. A person who lost a large amount of weight during an illness has been advised
by a health food store employee that he should add amino acid supplements to
his diet to help in weight gain. What would you tell this person?
a. amino acid supplements are an excellent way to quickly provide energy to
muscles for rebuilding
b. taking amino acid supplements will help keep the digestive system from
overworking while he is recovering from illness
c. he should not be adding any extra protein to his diet because he needs
carbohydrate for recovery
d. if he needs additional protein for recovery it should be as whole protein
because the digestive system can handle that form better
6.2
c
199
44. When comparing the digestion and absorption of proteins with fats it is
important to know that:
a. proteins are broken down into individual amino acids and absorbed by all
intestinal cells at an equal rate.
b. larger peptide molecules must be completely broken down into amino acids
to be absorbed into the bloodstream from the intestine.
c. cells in the small intestine preferentially absorb different types of amino
acids, which causes competition by amino acids at the absorption sites.
d. amino acids need a carrier in the bloodstream because they do not transport
very well alone.
6.3
c
199
45. The process of protein turnover involves:
a. the conversion of protein to glucose for energy in half of the protein we eat.
b. the loss of amino acids by excretion through the kidneys when cells die.
c. the use of amino acids that have been conserved from breakdown of old
cells.
d. the annual replacement of old cells with new protein that has entered the
body in food.
6.3
b
200
46. The roles of enzymes formed by body proteins are important when foods are
eaten because:
a. each enzyme is responsible for numerous different chemical reactions.
b. an enzyme acts as a catalyst to speed up a reaction without being altered
itself.
c. enzymes signal certain organs to respond to a change in conditions in the
body.
d. some enzymes can become chemical messengers in the nervous system.
6.3
c
201
47. A child suffering from protein deficiency has edema. This is an example of
protein’s role in:
a. supporting growth and maintenance.
b. building enzymes and hormones.
c. maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.
d. maintaining acid-base balance.
6.3
d
202
48. Certain proteins act as buffers in the blood. In this role they are responsible for:
a. providing immunity from foreign substances that invade the body.
b. making sure that sodium is transported outside the cells.
c. ensuring that too much fluid in the cells doesn’t cause edema.
d. picking up and releasing hydrogens in the blood to balance its pH.
70
6.3
a
202
49. Proteins use the process of active transport to move substances in or out of the
cell by:
a. opening passages in the membrane and escorting substances through the
cell.
b. attaching to minerals to carry them throughout the bloodstream.
c. decreasing the water content in cells to get rid of excess acid or base levels.
d. sending antibodies to cells to carry excess proteins out to where they are
needed.
6.4
e
203-204
50. An athlete consumes large amounts of meat in an effort to build extra muscle
tissue. This practice does not work because:
a. the body has no place to store extra amino acids.
b. the body will dismantle its tissue proteins in this situation.
c. the body converts amino acid residues to fuel or stores them as fat.
d. a and b
e. a and c
6.4
c
203-204
51. In times of energy shortage from carbohydrates or fats in foods, the body uses
protein in what way?
a. it decreases the breakdown of food proteins for energy and uses stored
glycogen
b. it stores amino acids in the cells to be used later for energy
c. it removes the nitrogen portion and burns the remaining fragments for
energy
d. it converts it to fat to provide more concentrated energy
6.4
b
204
52. A young man has said to you that he is eating much more protein in his diet than
the recommendation but he feels he needs the extra amount just in case he wants
to build more muscle mass in the near future. How would you respond to him?
a. it should be fine because the cells will store the extra amino acids for future
use
b. if he has excess calories in his diet, he may gain fat weight from converted
protein
c. the extra protein will be used for fuel instead of the carbohydrate
d. the body won’t digest the extra protein and it will be eliminated in feces
6.5
a
206
53. Which of the following statements is/are true?
a. Athletes need slightly more protein than other healthy adults.
b. Athletes should consume protein supplements to build muscle.
c. Dieters should take protein supplements to spare body protein.
d. a and b
e. b and c
6.5
b
206
54. Which of the following would have the highest protein DRI per unit of body
weight?
a. a 28-year-old pregnant woman
b. a 6-year-old child
c. a 40-year-old male
d. a 34-year-old woman
6.5
c
206
55. What is the DRI for protein for a 40-year-old male who is 6'4" tall and weighs
180 pounds?
a. 34 grams
b. 49 grams
c. 65 grams
d. 144 grams
PRACTICE TEST WITH ANSWERS for Chapter 6 Proteins
71
6.5
b
206
56. A young man who is a sedentary college student needs how much protein if he
weighs 175 pounds?
a. 46 grams/day
b. 64 grams/day
c. 86 grams/day
d. 140 grams/day
6.5
a
206
57. A 135-pound woman needs how much protein?
a. 49 grams/day
b. 56 grams/day
c. 86 grams/day
d. 110 grams/day
6.5
a
207
58. A boy 10 years old is going through a growth spurt. Because he needs to build
new muscle tissue, what should his nitrogen status be?
a. positive nitrogen balance
b. negative nitrogen balance
c. nitrogen equilibrium
d. nitrogen deficiency
6.4,6.5 d
208
59. Cells will do all of the following to create their own working proteins from
available amino acids except:
a. synthesize nonessential amino acids that are missing for the protein that is
being made.
b. obtain amino acids that are available in the cell’s amino acid pool.
c. slow down protein synthesis until enough of the limiting amino acid is
available again.
d. hold partially completed proteins until the diet provides the missing amino
acids.
6.5,6.8 b
209
60. An adolescent girl has decided to adhere to a vegetarian diet and has selected a
tossed green salad, whole-wheat crackers, and apple juice for lunch. What would
you advise her about her complementary protein sources?
a. she has made good choices of complementary protein foods
b. adding garbanzo beans to her salad would provide the protein combination
she needs
c. she has to include milk or cheese with her meal or there will not be enough
protein
d. she should not be following a vegetarian diet because it is not nutritionally
adequate
6.5
a
209
61. Examples of complementary protein combinations include all of the following
except:
a. pasta with tomato sauce.
b. rice and black-eyed peas.
c. whole-wheat cereal with almonds.
d. peanut butter and jelly on whole-wheat bread.
6.6
c
210-211
62. What change in body function will occur in a child with marasmus?
a. metabolism will speed up and burn calories more rapidly
b. muscles will not develop but bones will grow, resulting in a tall, thin stature
c. the digestive tract develops dysentery, which results in diarrhea and mineral
loss
d. the body will be able to repair itself if a very-high-fat diet is given as
therapy
72
6.6
a
211-212
63. A 3-year-old child from a homeless family has been brought into the health
clinic with a swollen belly, fluid buildup around her ankles, brittle hair, and
irritability. Her mother has been feeding her mostly bread and dry cereal over
the past several months. Providers suspect that she may have which form of
PEM?
a. kwashiorkor
b. marasmus
c. dysentery
d. osteoporosis
6.6
c
213-214
64. What is one of the risks of consuming a diet high in protein?
a. a high-protein diet from food sources increases the loss of calcium from the
body in urine
b. a high-protein diet can cause kidney disease
c. a high-protein diet can raise homocysteine levels in the blood
d. high intakes of vegetable proteins can increase the risk of heart disease
216
65. Your friend is a vegetarian who consumes large quantities of soy products in the
place of meat. From a nutrition perspective, your friend is at risk of developing
_____ deficiency.
a. vitamin C
b. iron
c. folate
d. calcium
6.6,6.7 b
Controversy 6 Multiple-Choice Items
L.O.#
Ans.
Page #
6.7
b
220
66. Your mother is considering changing her diet to include only non-meat proteins
to reduce her risk of developing heart disease or cancer. What evidence is
available to support her decision?
a. vegetarian diets contain greater amounts of heart-protective omega-3 fatty
acids
b. plant-based diets are usually lower in saturated fat and higher in fiber,
which reduces risk of heart disease
c. substituting soy for meat proteins has resulted in a large decrease in heart
disease risk
d. colon cancer appears less frequently in people eating plant-based diets
6.7
d
220-221
67. Which of the following is a health benefit of a vegetarian diet?
a. eating small amounts of soy protein can contribute to a major decline in
LDL cholesterol
b. even though vegetarians may eat cheese, sour cream, and butter in their
diets, their blood lipids do not reflect it
c. vegetarians have a lower rate of colon and rectal cancer than fish eaters
d. vegetarians tend to have lower blood pressure than nonvegetarians
6.7
e
220-221
68. Compared to meat eaters, vegetarians tend to have:
a. higher death rates from heart disease.
b. healthier body weights.
c. lower blood pressure.
d. a and b
e. b and c
PRACTICE TEST WITH ANSWERS for Chapter 6 Proteins
73
6.7,6.8 b
221
69. A woman who is on a vegan diet has become pregnant. What would be a health
concern for her?
a. she will need to increase intake of soy products and seaweed to receive
adequate B12
b. she may have difficulty gaining adequate weight during her pregnancy
c. she may have too high an iron intake because of the high iron levels in plant
foods
d. her diet will most likely be deficient in omega-6 fatty acids
6.7
a
221-222
70. Which statement is true of a vegan diet?
a. very young children and the elderly may not consume enough plant sources
of protein to build and maintain bone and muscle tissue
b. a woman on a vegan diet will have excellent stores of nutrients needed for
pregnancy
c. well-fed vegan children are the same height and weight as meat-eating
children
d. vegan children’s daily protein requirement is less than meat-eating
children’s
6.8
d
222
71. Poorly-planned vegetarian diets typically lack all of the following except:
a. calcium.
b. vitamin B12.
c. zinc.
d. folate.
6.8
b
222-225
72. When planning a vegetarian diet, the following recommendation should be
adhered to:
a. select foods made from textured vegetable protein as an excellent substitute
for meat items.
b. fruits and vegetables high in iron and calcium should be emphasized.
c. select whole-grain breads and cereals to obtain easily absorbed iron.
d. all soy milks are a good source of calcium and should be included.
6.8
d
223
73. Children adhering to a vegan diet need to include which of the following foods
to ensure adequate growth and bone development?
a. whole grains for zinc
b. walnuts for omega-3 fatty acids
c. yogurt for calcium
d. a and b
e. a and c
6.8
c
223
74. The best way for a vegetarian to ensure adequate absorption of iron in the diet is
to:
a. include leafy greens because the iron they contain is absorbed readily.
b. avoid dried fruits because they interfere with iron absorption.
c. include vitamin C-rich foods because they enhance absorption of iron.
d. consume 3 times the amount of iron recommended for meat eaters.
6.8
e
224
75. To ensure adequate intakes of vitamin B12, vitamin D, and calcium, vegans need
to:
a. select fortified foods.
b. use complete meal supplements.
c. use supplements daily.
d. a and b
e. a and c
74
Essay Items
L.O.#
Page #
6.2, 6.3
199, 205
1.
Why would you advise someone to not take amino acid supplements?
6.3
201-202
2.
Explain how proteins help to regulate the quantity of fluids in the compartments
of the body to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.
6.4
203-204
3.
Describe what happens when amino acids are oversupplied in the diet.
6.2, 6.5
209
4.
Describe factors that influence the digestibility of protein.
6.6
210-212
5.
Describe and differentiate between the causes and symptoms of marasmus and
kwashiorkor.
6.6
213-214
6.
Discuss the risks associated with overconsumption of protein.
6.5,6.8
214-6,222
7.
Describe the advantages and limitations of consuming legumes as meat
alternates.
6.7
220
8.
Why do vegetarians have lower blood pressure than nonvegetarians?
6.7
220-221
9.
Describe the relationship between vegetarian diets and risks of colon cancer.
PRACTICE TEST WITH ANSWERS for Chapter 6 Proteins