Download Genetic_Meiosis Review_15

Name:_________________________________ Period: ________ Date:____________
Genetics & Meiosis Review
Genetics
Recessive
Heterozygous
Homozygous
P Generation
Probability
Gametes
Genotype
Phenotype
Fertilization
Heredity
Dominant
Allele
1. _______________ The likelihood that an event would occur.
2. _______________ The form of the trait that is always shown if the allele for it is present; represented
by capital letter.
3. _______________ The physical characteristic of an organism.
4. _______________ The genetic makeup of an organism; which is represented by two alleles.
5. _______________ The study of heredity.
6. _______________ Term used to describe an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait.
7. _______________ Term used to describe an organism that has two different alleles for a particular trait.
8. _______________ The form of the trait that will only be expressed if there are two homozygous alleles;
represented by a lower case letter.
9. _______________ The two pure-breeding plants that Mendel first crossed to form a hybrid F1
generation.
10. _______________ Different forms of the same gene (ex. Blue, green, brown eye color)
11. _______________ Sex cells.
12. _______________ The process of joining male and female reproductive cells during sexual
reproduction.
13. _______________ The passing on of genes from parent to offspring.
14. Name four reasons Mendel used pea plants to study genetics.
15. Explain the difference between cross-pollination and self-fertilization in pea plants.
16. Meiosis is the process of cell division where ______ sex cells are produced. Each Human sex cell
produced has ______ chromosomes at the end of Meiosis.
a. Write the number of chromosomes in the following cells & then state if it is haploid or diploid.
i. Gamete ______ _____________
ii. Sperm
______ _____________
iii. Egg
______ _____________
iv. Body cell ______ _____________
17. The diagram that geneticists use to predict the offspring from crossing two parents is called a
____________________________________.
18. Define the difference between: Homologous chromosome, Tetrad, Haploid, Diploid
19. A. Why is meiosis significant to sexual reproduction? B. Explain what Crossing over is and why it is
important.
20. What happens during Meiosis I, and what is the end result?
21. What happens during Meiosis II, and what is the end result?
22. Multiple Choice:
a. Which phenotype is the result of the gentotype, tt? A. tall B. short
b. Which genotype will produce a recessive phenotype? A. Gg B. GG C. RW D. gg
c. In a cross between two homozygous dominant organisms, the expected percentage of offspring
showing the dominant phenotype will be? A. 100% B. 75% C. 50% D. 25%
d. In a cross between a homozygous dominant organism and a heterozygous organism, the expected
percentage of offspring with a phenotype different from that of either parent is?
A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75%
e. In a cross between a heterozygous and pure recessive organism, the percentage of offspring
showing the recessive trait will be? A. 100% B. 75% C. 25% D. 0%
f. In a cross Tt x Tt, the percentage of offspring showing the recessive trait will be?
A. 100% B. 75% C. 25% D. 50% E. 0%
Human Inheritance Review
General Vocabulary
amniocentesis
karyotype
co-dominate
autosomes
universal donor
pedigree
multiple alleles
sex-linked disorders
23._____________________
Both alleles are expressed if present; example: A and B alleles for blood type
24._____________________
A diagram used to trace a single gene through several generations of a family
25._____________________
When there are three or more alleles present for a particular trait. (ABO blood)
26._____________________
A test used to detect if there are genetic disorders in an unborn fetus
27._____________________
Type O blood, can give to any other blood type
28._____________________
Chromosomes # 1 – 22 on a karyotype
29_____________________
Disorders found on the X chromosome
30._____________________
A diagram of chromosomes ordered as homologus pairs; used to detect
chromosome number disorders
ABO Blood Typing
31. If you have type B blood what blood types can you receive blood from? ______________
32. What antigens does and individual with type O blood have on the surface of their blood cells?
__________
33. If you have type AB blood what blood types can you give to? ___________ receive from?
______________
34. If mom has type O blood and dad is heterozygous type A, draw the pedigree and list the possible
outcome of the offspring’s genotype and phenotype:
Possible Offspring Genotypes:
Possible Offspring Phenotypes:
Chromosome Number Disorders
35. Use the picture on the right to answer the following
questions:
a. What is the picture called? ______________________
b. What disorder does this individual have?
____________________
c. What is the sex of this individual?
______________________
d. What error in meiosis caused this condition?
_________________
36. A male has one extra X chromosome, write out his sex chromosomes: _____________ What would the
disorder be called? _________________________
37. If a female has only one X chromosome what condition does she have? _______________________
Sex-linked and Autosomal Disorders
Hemophilia
Cystic Fibrosis
Albinism
X chromosome
Huntington
Colorblindness
Sickle-cell Anemia
38_____________________Sex-linked disorders are found here
39_____________________The most common type is where individuals cannot distinguish red or green
40_______________ A sex-linked disorder where a clotting protein is missing and the blood cannot clot properly
41_____________________Autosomal dominant disorder that does not affect individuals until their 30’s or 40’s
42_____________________Autosomal genetic disorder where there is a mucus build-up in the lungs
43_____________________Genetic disorder where individual does not have melanin pigment in their skin
44_____________Genetic disorder in which the blood cells are crescent shaped and cannot carry oxygen properly
45. Complete the following punnett square with this information: Mother is a carrier for hemophilia and the
father is normal. Use X for normal and Xh for hemophilia.
Possible Offspring Genotypes:
Possible Offspring Phenotypes:
46. Billy and Jill are husband and wife and they have three children Sara (the oldest daughter), Bobby and
Joline (the youngest daughter). Sara marries John and they have identical twin boys Mike and Joe. Joline
marries Stewart and they have three children: two boys Joseph and Keith, and a girl Lizzy. Draw the
pedigree for this family.
47. Billy, Sara and Lizzy all have cystic fibrosis. Use the above pedigree to trace the inheritance of Cystic
Fibrosis in the family and do your best to determine the genotype of each individual. Half-shade all
carriers. (Use F for a normal allele and f for cystic fibrosis allele)
48. Practice filling in a Dihybrid Punnett Square.
TR
Tr
tR
tr
TY
TR
What percent of the offspring would you
expect to be….
Tall Smooth ________
Tall Wrinkled ________
Short Smooth ________
Short Wrinkled ________
Ty
Tr
tY
tR
tr
ty
49.
Set up a Punnett square showing the possible offspring of the following Dihybrid cross: (Use
FOIL)
TtRr X TTRr
Mutations:
Two Main Types of Point Mutations
I. Base Substitutions & Frameshift Mutations
 Base substitution: occurs when one base is switched out with another base
 SUBSTITUTION (one base is substituted for another)
 If a substitution changes the amino acid, it’s called a MISSENSE mutation
 If a substitution does not change the amino acid, it’s called a SILENT mutation
 If a substitution changes the amino acid to a “stop,” it’s called a NONSENSE
mutation
 Frameshift mutation: occurs when one base is added or removed
 DELETION (a base is lost/deleted)
 INSERTION (an extra base is added/inserted)
 Deletion & insertion may cause what’s called a FRAMESHIFT mutation, meaning
the reading “frame" changes, thus changing the amino acid sequence from this
point forward
DNA Before:
50. The letters on the right show a DNA sequence before
and after a mutation has occurred. Transcribe to mRNA and
TAC CTT CGT ACC GAT
then translate it using the codon chart to figure out what
mRNA
amino acids that these sequences code for.
amino
acids
DNA After Mutation:
51. What type of mutation is this? ___________________
Explain your choice.___________________________
____________________________________________
TAC CTC GTA CCG AT
mRNA
amino
acids
52. Below is the base sequence for the normal protein for normal hemoglobin and the base sequence for the
sickle cell hemoglobin
NORMAL HEMOGLOBIN:
GGG CTT CTT TTT
SICKLE CELL HEMOGLOBIN: GGG CAT CTT TTT
a.
Transcribe and translate the normal and sickle cell DNA
b.
Identify this as a Point/Base Substitution or Frameshift mutation. Explain.