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Genetics (part deux) name_________________________________________ Patterns of Inheritance Incomplete Dominance A cross between organisms with _________ different phenotypes produces offspring with a ___________ phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits. Blending (mixing) Ex: Snapdragons Punnett Square (Incomplete): If tail length in c ats shows incomplete dominance, then LL=long, Ll= medium, and 43. If you cross a short ll=short. tailed cat with a medium tailed cat, what are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios? Show the square. Complete Dominance Codominance The prefix “co” means __________ A cross between organisms with __________ different phenotypes produces offspring with a __________ phenotype in which____________ of the parental traits appear _____________. YOU SEE BOTH. Both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the heterozygote Ex: Blood type Punnett Square (Codominance): Alice has type A blood and her husband Mark has type B blood. Their first child, Amanda, has type O blood. Their second child, Alex, has type AB blood. What is Alice’s genotype?______ What is Mark’s genotype? _____ What are the chances they have a child with AO blood? Show the square. Polygenic Traits. Many traits are controlled by ___________ than ___________gene…. not just one. Ex: Skin Color One trait will completely cover (mask) the other. Ex: Mendel’s peas – Purple is _____________ to white. Sex Linked Traits Traits associated with particular ____________ are called sex-linked or _____-linked traits. Located on the ______ or _____ chromosome. Ex: Red-green _________________, _________________ What is this called? ______________ Is this a boy or a girl? How do you know? Linked Genes Occurs when particular alleles are inherited ______________. On ____________ chromosome. They tend to be inherited together. Ex: red hair and freckles. 1st 22 pairs of chromosomes are called __________________, the last pair (XY) are __________ chromosomes. Georgia Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability 1 47: Pedigrees: _______ that show relationships within a family. How many boys? ____________ How many Girls? ____________ How many generations? _______ How many with the disorder? ______ How many marriages are shown? _______ Genetic Disorders to Know Huntington’s Disease Colorblindness Causes certain ________ cells in your brain to waste away May experience uncontrolled movements, emotional disturbances and mental deterioration Autosomal or sexlinked? ______________ _____ trait Gene for color vision located on the X chromosomes. Autosomal or sexlinked? ___________ are more likely to have colorblindness. WHY? ______________ Fatal? __________ 66._____ 70. ____ 67._____ 68.____ 69.______ 71._____ 72._____________ 1. Gamete Genetics Vocab #2 2. Autosomes 3. Sex Chromosomes 4. Incomplete Dominance 5. Polygenic trait 6. Sex-linked trait Sickle Cell Down Syndrome Three copies of chromosome ________. Also called ____________ ______. Caused by _________________ during meiosis. Cystic Fibrosis Hemophilia CF is caused by a __________ allele on chromosome__. Deletion of three bases. Autosomal or sexlinked? Affects the body's respiratory and digestive systems. ______liked Trait Located on the _____ chromosome Autosomal or sexlinked? Missing a protein necessary for __________ clotting Recessive allele ___________ blood cells Tay-Sachs Harmful quantities of ________ acids accumulate in the nerve cells destroys nerve cells fatal Practice Problem; A man and a woman are both carriers for TaySachs. What is the chance they will have a child with Tay-Sachs disease Show the square. Practice Problem; A man with Huntington’s (heterozygous) marries a woman w/out the disease. What are the chances they will have a child with the disease? Show the square. Practice Problem A female whose father is colorblind marries a male who is not color blind? Is there a chance they could have a color blind child? Show the square. 7. Karyotype 8. Pedigree 9. Linked Genes Georgia Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. c. Using Mendel’s laws, 10. Codominance explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability 2 Incomplete Dominance SpongeBob loves growing flowers for his pal Sandy! Her favorite flowers, Poofkins, are found in red, blue, and purple. Use the information provided and your knowledge of incomplete dominance to complete each section below. 1. Write the correct genotype for each color if R represents a red gene and B represents a blue gene. Red - _____ Blue - ______ Purple - _____ 2. What would happen if SpongeBob crossed a Poofkin with red flowers with a Poofkin with blue flowers? Complete the Punnett square to determine the chances of each flower color. (a) Give the genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring. (b) How many of the plants would have red flowers? _____% (c) How many of the plants would have purple flowers? _____ % (d) How many of the plants would have blue flowers? _____ % 3. What would happen if SpongeBob crossed two Poofkins with purple flowers? Complete the Punnett square to show the probability for each flower color. (a) Give the genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring. (b) How many of the plants would have red flowers? _____% (c) How many of the plants would have purple flowers? _____ % (d) How many of the plants would have blue flowers? _____ % (e) Why is this incomplete dominance? _____________________________ __________________________________________________________ Codominance SpongeBob and his pal Patrick love to go jellyfishing at Jellyfish Fields! The fields are home to a special type of green jellyfish known as Goobers and only really great jellyfishermen are lucky enough to catch some on every trip. Many of the jellyfish are yellow (YY) or blue (BB), but some end up polka-dotted (called a goober) as a result of codominance. Use this information to help you complete each section below. 4. Write the correct genotype for each color. Yellow - _____ Blue - ______ Goober - _____ 5. What would happen if SpongeBob and Patrick crossed two “goobers” or polka-dotted jellyfish? Complete the Punnett square to help you determine the probability for each color of jellyfish. (a) Give the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring. (b) What percentage of the offspring would be yellow? _____% (c) What percentage would be blue? _____ % (d) What percentage would be “goobers” (polka-dotted)? _____ % (e) Why is this codominance? __________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 6. What would happen if they crossed a yellow jellyfish with a goober? Complete the Punnett square to help you determine the probability for each color of jellyfish. (a) Give the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring. (b) What percentage of the offspring would be yellow? _____% (c) What percentage would be blue? _____ % (d) What percentage would be “goobers” (polka-dotted)? _____ % Pedigree Problems Georgia Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability 3 Pedigree #1 shows a family of parrots. One of the offspring shows the trait for blue feathers. (R = red feathers, r = blue feathers) 1. Do you think blue feathers are dominant or recessive? ______________ 2. What must the genotypes of the parents be? _______________ 3. What two genotypes could the other offspring have? _______________ Pedigree #2 is studying hair color in a family. In humans, dark hair (B) is dominant to blonde hair (b). In this case, individuals who are shaded are dark-haired. Individuals who have clear circles are blonde. 1. What are the genotypes of the parents? _____________________ 2. What is the genotype of the sons? _______________________ 3. What are the two possible genotypes of the daughters? _____________ Pedigree #3 1. Does the pedigree to the right show that the trait is autosomal or x-linked? ____________ Explain: _____ _________________________________________ 2. Write the genotypes of the affect males (above their boxes) and their mothers and fathers. Pedigree #5 Pedigree #3: STARTER: Determing Genotypes from a Pedigree #1 a____________ b__________ c____________ d___________ #2 a____________ b___________ c____________ #3 a________________________ b_______, _______, _______ c_______x ______ Review 1. A man that has hemophilia and a woman that is a carrier for hemophilia have a child. What is the chance that they have a son that has hemophilia? ___________ Show the punnett square. 2. What is nondisjunction? What does it cause? _________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. A man that is not colorblind has a child with a woman that is colorblind. What is the chance that they will have a daughter that is colorblind? Show the punnett square. Georgia Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability 4 4. List and describe 3 ways that increase genetic diversity in organisms. 1-__________________________________________ 2-__________________________________________ 3-__________________________________________ 5. The pedigree to the right shows the passing on of colorblindness. What sex can ONLY be carriers of colorblindness? ______ Why? _____ _____________________________________________________ 6. Why does individual IV-7 have colorblindness? _____________________________________________________ 7. Why do all the daughters in generation II carry the colorblind gene? _____________________________________________________ 8. MATCHING _____1. Sickle Cell _____2. Huntington’s _____3. Hemophilia _____4. Colorblindness _____5. Cystic Fibrosis _____6. Down Syndrome _____7. Nondisjunction A. B. C. D. Also known as trisomy-21. Occurs when a person has three copies of chromosome #21. Sex-linked trait where colors are not see correctly. Process when chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis during gamete formation. Degenerative disease that causes certain nerve cells in your brain to waste away causing uncontrolled movements, emotional disturbances and mental deterioration. Fatal. E. Sex-linked trait where the person is missing a protein necessary for blood clotting- can bleed to death from a minor cut. F. Caused by a recessive allele on chromosome #7. Deletion of three bases. Affects the body's respiratory and digestive systems by causing a build up of mucus. G. A disease characterized by the bent and twisted shape of the red blood cells. This can cause weakness and damage to the brain, heart, and spleen- in some cases it can be fatal. Genetics Web Lab 1. Bitesize; Introduction to Inheritance (Subtitles really help…turn them on) 1. Different forms of the same gene are called ____________. 2. Alleles are either ________________________ or _____________________________. Which is dominant in eye color? _______________ 3. Rule: _______________________ letter for dominant and a ______________________ case for the recessive. 4. A child gets one ____________________ from each parent. 5. Which pair gives blue eyes? ______ 6. What is Huntington’s disease? ____________________________________________________________________ 7. Is Huntington’s disease caused by a dominant or recessive allele? __________________ 8. What is Cystic Fibroses? _______________________________________________________________________ 9. Is Cystic Fibroses caused by a dominant or recessive allele? __________________ 10. What is the geneotype of a person with Cystic Fibroses? Click it on the screen: ________ 11. If 2 parents are carriers, what is the chance their child will have Cystic Fibroses? Make a Punnett square 12. Chromosome are made of long strands of _____________ that contain ____________________________________. 13. The sex chromosomes determine wheather you are _________________________________________. 14. All eggs from the mother contain a ____ sex chromosome. Sperm can either have _______ or _______ chromosome. 15. ________ is a girl, and _______ is a boy. 2. Learn Genetics: Utah: Sexual Vs. Asexual Reproduction 1. Asexual reproduction generates offspring that are ________________ ________________ to a single parent. 2. Sexual reproduction, two parents __________________genetic information to produce ______________offspring. 3. Choose some organisms on the screen, and try to decide if they reproduce sexually or asexually. List any 2: a.____________________________________b. ___________________________________ 3: Polygenetic Inheritance (video) 1. AreBiology all of Standards: our traits SB2. controlled bywill the inheritance of a traits singleare gene? Give 2 successive examplesgenerations. c. Using Mendel’s laws, Georgia Students analyze how biological passed on to __________________________________, explain the role of _______________________________ meiosis in reproductive variability 2. How many genes do they think controls skin color?_______How many genes control eye color?_______ 5 4. Click and Clone 1. 2. 3. 4. ∙Follow the steps provided to clone Mimi. ∙Answer the questions below when you are done. What color was the baby mouse?________________ What instrument did you use to isolate the nucleus?____________________________________ Who was the baby mouse genetically identical to? __________________________________ Do you agree, or disagree, with cloning? Defend your answer in complete, grammatically correct sentences. 5. Pedigree Practice- Interactive (write the answers to each question below) 1-a.________________________b. __________________ c. was it a boy or girl? 2-a. _______________________ b. __________________ 3- a. _______________________ b. ______________________________ 6. Recessive Autosomal Genetic Disorders Punnett Square Create the square and answer the questions: 1- If a mother is a carrier for a disease (like Cystic Fibroses) and the father is unaffected, what is the chance they have a child with cystic fibroses? ______ What were the genotypes of the parents? ______, _______ Click “reset” 2- If Dad is affected and Mom is a Carrier, what are the chances of having a child with the disorder?______ 7. Sex Linked Genetic Disorders Punnett Square READ over the first page and answer these questions: 1- Genes that are found only on the X chromosome are referred to as _____________________________________. 2- At the bottom of the page, what is the chance the 2 parents have a child of NORMAL vision? _______ Click “Next: Sex Linkage Problem 3- Complete the Punnett square showing the possible genotypes of children born to a colorblind mother and a father with normal vision. MAKE A COPY TO THE RIGHT What are the chances of a colorblind male child? ___________ Practice problems: 1. A woman with type AB marries a man with type AB. What are the chances they have a child with type B (BB or BO) Blood? Show the punnett square. 2. Hemophilia in humans is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. A woman whose father is hemophiliac marries a man with normal clotting ability. What is the probability that her first child will have hemophilia? Assume that the woman's mother is homozygous dominant. Show the punnett square. Woman’s genotype? _________ Man’s genotype? ___________ 3. In humans, the gene for normal vision (C) is dominant to the gene for color blindness (c). Color blindness is a sex-linked trait. Which of the following would be the genotype for a colorblind male? A. XCY B. XcY C. XCXc D. XcXc 4)A woman with red-green color-blindness has a mother with normal vision. Knowing that color-blindness is a sex-linked recessive gene, can you determine what her father's phenotype is? If so, what is it?_______ 5) What happens during meiosis that creates “genetic variability” in sexually reproducing organisms? a. movement of chromosomes, & separation of sister chromitid b. separation of sister chromatid, & spindle fiber movement c. sister chromitids don’t separate, & spindle fibers remove genes d. crossing over, & independent assortment 6) What is Sickle Cell Anemia? What causes it? (include a picture)__________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Georgia Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability 6 7) The process of meiosis produces gametes. How does this process increase reproductive variability? a. Different combinations of alleles are produced. b. Each allele from the parent cell forms a separate gamete. c. Each pair of genes undergoes crossing-over with different genes. d. The two genes are passed on to a daughter cell, resulting in new traits. 8) A black-feathered chicken and a white feathered chicken are crossed by a farmer. All of the offspring chickens have both black and white feathers. Which of the following does this exemplify? A. genetic mutation B. codominant alleles C. dominant alleles D. multiple alleles 9) When a human egg is fertilized by a sperm, the zygote formed is a A. polyploid cell. B. triploid cell. C. diploid cell. D. haploid cell. 10) A mutation in the gene responsible for producing hemoglobin in the blood causes a disease known as sickle-cell anemia. The parents of children born with sickle-cell anemia usually have no symptoms of the disease, but tests indicate that both parents are carriers of the mutated gene. What is the best explanation for these circumstances? A. The gene for sickle-cell anemia is dominant, and both parents are homozygous. B. The gene for sickle-cell anemia is dominant, and both parents are heterozygous. C. The gene for sickle-cell anemia is recessive, and both parents are homozygous. D. The gene for sickle-cell anemia is recessive, and both parents are heterozygous. 11) The cells of a dog’s tail contain 78 chromosomes. The spermatozoa of a dog contain A. 39 chromosomes. B. 78 chromosomes. C. 117 chromosomes. D. 156 chromosomes. 12) A researcher crosses the F1 generation of two snapdragon plants. According to this information, what is the ratio of their offspring (F2)? A. 2 red: 1 pink: 1 white B. 0 red: 4 pink: 0 white C. 1 red: 2 pink: 1 white D. 1 red: 1 pink: 2 white Georgia Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability 7