Download Notes - Organic Molecules of Life

Notes - Organic Molecules of Life
Organic molecules are compounds created by living organisms
contain the elements carbon and hydrogen
Carbon atoms need four electrons to fill their outer electron shell
Must form four bonds with other elements.
These are ___________________ bonds.
Most often bond with Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and other
These can include:
Single bonds
Double bonds
Triple bonds
(one electron shared)
(two electrons shared)
(three electrons shared)
Isomers
Molecules with the same formula but atoms are arranged differently
Carbons are branched in various ways
Functional groups:
Are special groups of atoms that stay together and act as a single unit
They determine how the entire molecule will react.
Hydroxyl Group
Carboxyl Group
Amino Group
Phosphate Group:
Large molecules are built from basic units called ___________________
The monomers are linked together to form the large molecules called _________________
Making and Breaking Polymer Bonds
When two monomers are put together to form larger molecules, a water molecule is created.
This process is called:
When polymers are broken apart, it is done by adding a water molecule.
This process is called:
Types of Organic Molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates - Commonly called starches and sugars
Functions: An ________________ source, energy ____________, cellular structures
Chemical Composition
Contains only three elements: ______________________________________________
Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is _______ (just like water) Example: _______________
Basic Unit is called a _________________
Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides - Simple, ______________ (mono-) sugar unit
Building block of all other carbohydrates
Name usually ends in ____________
Used as energy source
Examples: _____________ – blood sugar, ______________ – fruit sugar,
_______________ – one monomer in lactose (milk), ______________ and
___________________ (5 Carbon sugars in RNA and DNA)
Disaccharides - ________________ sugar units synthesized from monosaccharides
All are isomers of C12H22O11
Formed by dehydration synthesis (requires enzymes)
Examples of Disaccharides: ______________ – table sugar (Glucose +
Fructose) ______________ – seed sugar (Glucose + Glucose) _______________ –
milk sugar (Glucose + Galactose)
Polysaccharides - Large, complex chains of ______ (poly-) repeating sugar units (Polymers)
Bonded together by dehydration synthesis
Used by living things as a sugar storage or for structures
Examples of Polysaccharides _____________ – plant starch (sugar storage in
seeds, roots, stems), ________________ – animal starch (sugar storage by humans in
the liver), _________________ - Very tough polymer - main component of cell walls
Indigestible by humans, _____________ - Very tough polymer - exoskeletons (crab
shells, insects)
Digesting Polysaccharides - Broken apart by hydrolysis with the help of enzymes
Lipids
Three elements: ______________________________________________
Ratio of H:O much ______________ than 2:1 Example: Oleic acid
_________________ in water, Greasy, slippery texture
Three main groups:
1. Fats oils and waxes
At room temperature: Liquid – _________ Solid – ______________________
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids
Functions of Lipids
1. Fats, Oils and Waxes:
Long term energy ________________
More than twice as much energy stored than carbohydrates:
fats- 9 Cal/g; carbohydrates- 4 Cal/g
In plants: stored in and around ______________ (Peanut oil, corn oil, olive oil)
In animals: stored under the _____________ and around ________________ - insulation
and shock absorber
2. Phospholipids - Structural Part of __________________________
3. Steroids - Part of cell membranes, transport of lipids, regulate body functions (hormones)
Chemical Composition: Fats Oils, Waxes
One or more ______________________ attached to a __________________ backbone
Fatty Acids: Long chains of carbon with a ____________________ group at the end
Glycerol: C3H8O3
Formed by dehydration synthesis
NOT a polymer
Types of Fats
Saturated: All carbons of the fatty acid have _______________ bonds (carbons are “filled”
with hydrogen),
_____________ at room temperature, Associated with heart disease risk
Examples:
Unsaturated: Carbons share one or more ____________ or ___________ bonds with other
carbons
Monounsaturated – only ______ double bond
Polyunsaturated – ____________ double or triple bonds
_____________ at room temperature
Examples:
Phospholipids: ______________________ group replaces fatty acid on one end
Used as the main component of cellular membranes
Steroids: lipids with four fused hydrocarbon rings
Includes: ____________________ (animal cell membranes), ___________________,
________________, __________________ (sex hormones), vitamin ____.
An anabolic steroid is a _____________________ testosterone.
Proteins
Protein Functions
Structural parts: cell membrane, muscles, hair, nails, pigments
__________________: Hormones, enzymes
__________________: Transport materials in, out and around cells
__________________: Allow cells to recognize each other
Immune system: ______________________
Composition of Proteins Elements: ____________________________________________
Very large, complex - Hemoglobin: C3032H4816O872N780S8Fe4
Monomers (building blocks) are _________________________ - 20 common (9 essential
11 non essential)
H
Amino Acids: _________ group on one side,
_________________ acid group on the other
C
R
Chains of amino acids are called ________________.
Amino acids are joined by dehydration synthesis between the carboxyl end of one amino acid
and the amino end of another amino acid.
The resulting bond is called a _____________________ bond
Primary Structure - ____________________________________________________
The sequence is unique for each protein and is determined by the DNA
Secondary Structure - Hydrogen bonds formed between the chains causing
____________________________________________.
Two shapes are common – a helix and a sheet.
Tertiary Structure - The ___________________________ of the sheets and helices
The most important structure format - Determines the function of the protein
Quaternary Structure - ______________________________________ combine to create a
macromolecule
This creates either __________________ (hemoglobin) or ________________ (collagen)
proteins
Nucleic Acids
The largest molecules in living things
The two most important Nucleic Acids: ____________ (deoxyribonucleic acid)
____________ (ribonucleic acid)
Functions of Nucleic Acids
DNA: make up chromosomes and their genes that carry ____________________
information
found in the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts (plants)
RNA: functions in the ___________________________________________ for the cell
found in cell parts: nucleoli, ribosomes, and throughout the cytoplasm
General Structure: Polymers - repeating units called ____________________________
Nucleotides have three subunits:
a five carbon sugar
a phosphate group
a nitrogenous base
(a base that contains nitrogen)
DNA: The sugar backbone is _________________
The base can be one of four: ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
The bases pair up –
A (adenine) always pairs with T (thymine)
G (guanine) always pairs with C (cytosine)
Two chains of nucleotides are connected by ____________________ bonds and twist into a
____________________________
Sequence of nitrogenous bases codes for specific amino acids
Amino acid sequence determines the ___________________ made in the cell and the cellular
activity
RNA - __________________ is its sugar backbone
The base can be one of four: Adenine Guanine Cytosine ______________(replacesThymine)
Only a single polymer chain, strands of RNA have complex, folded structures
Enzymes
Large, Complex _______________________
Function as Organic _____________________
(Allow reactions to occur at lower temperatures ( 37° C))
Used temporarily,
__________________ by the reaction,
Can be _________________,
_____________________ to one reaction
Bind to reactants called ________________________
Enzyme names usually end in _______________ and can be named for their substrate:
Examples: Protease – proteins Lipase – lipids Maltase – maltose
Enzyme Action – Catalysts reduce energy needed to begin reaction (Activation energy)
Lock and Key Model – shape of enzyme unchanged, one shape, one substrate
Induced Fit Model – enzyme folds around substrate
_________________________ sometimes needed (non proteins – minerals, vitamins)
Part of the enzyme structure or work along side the enzyme
Denaturation: destroying the _______________________ of the enzyme
Factors Affecting Enzymes
___________________________: Enzyme activity increases with temperature
Optimum temperature for each enzyme
Higher temperatures denature (change the shape) of the enzyme’s active site
Rate of reaction decreases quickly after optimum temperature
___________: Enzymes are pH dependent
Some work at low pH (stomach acid) Some at high pH (basic - blood)
Will activate or deactivate enzyme by changing the shape of the active site
Extremely high or low pH values generally result in complete loss of activity Factors
_____________________:
Increasing amount of enzyme: rate increases then levels off
substrate levels fall and reduces efficiency
Increasing amount of substrate: rate increases then levels off
enzyme is saturated and no additional reactions can occur
Presence of ________________________:
Bind to enzyme and change shape or compete with the substrate
Type of
Compound
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Elements
present
Basic units
(monomers)
Functions
Examples