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Overview of the Course Lecture 1 The Components of the Immune System Lecture 2 Innate Immunity Lecture 3 Antigen Recognition by T lymphocytes Lecture 4 Antigen Presentation by T lymphocytes Lecture 5 Antigen Recognition by B cell Receptors Lecture 6 The Humoral Immune Response Lecture 7 Signaling Through Lymphocyte Receptors Lecture 8 The Development and Survival of Lymphocytes Lecture 9 T-cell Mediated Immunity Lecture 10 Adaptive Immunity to Infection Lecture 11 Mucosal Immunity Lecture 12 HIV Infection Lecture 13 Failures in Host Defense Mechanisms Lecture 14 Evasion of the Immune System by Pathogens Lecture 1: The Components of the Immune System Summary of the Entire Immunology Unit Kill the pathogen and don’t harm the host Questions to Consider Why do you only get some infections like chicken pox aka varicella zoster only once? How do you generate an system able to recognize a broad array of pathogens with a high level of sensitivity and specificity using a finite amount of coding DNA? Why do subsequent immune responses to a pathogen occur more rapidly and at higher titers than previous immune responses? How does the immune system provide a high degree of sensitivity and specificity to the broad array of pathogens without attacking self? Why are T cells and B cells effective against different pathogens and how do T cells and B cells see antigens differently? David Smallpox Infection Immunity From the Latin word “immunitas” meaning exemption from civic duties. Historically immunity was the observed protection from infection by individuals previously exposed or infected. Chinese made children inhale powder from crusted smallpox lesions. Eradication of Smallpox by Vaccination Functional Immunity Innate Acquired Barrier Skin Mucosal immunity Soluble Protein Complement Antibodies Cells Phagocytes T and B cells Mediators IL-1, TNF -interferon Function of Immune System Identification- foreign vs. self Designation- accentuate foreign origin Recruitment- mobilize effectors Elimination- clear pathogen Prevent Recurrence- prepare for future Sensitivity and Specificity of Detection Determines the Effectiveness of Immune Surveillance Design of the Immune System Specificity- fine distinctions Diversity- broad repertoire Memory- accelerate next response Demobilization- after clearance Distinguish self from non-self- prevent attack of normal tissues Mobilization of the Immune System Cognitive phase- binding of antigen to specific cell that recognizes it Activation phase- proliferation and differentiation of antigen-specific cell Effector phase- assemble response to eliminate infection Targets of the Immune System CD Nomenclature CD = Cluster of Differentiation Cells express unique membrane proteins identified by monoclonal antibodies. Cells are identified by the pattern of cellspecific CD markers expressed. CD proteins are identified by sequential numbers. Hematopoietic Lineage Histological Appearance of Lymphocytes Activation of Lymphocytes How Does the Immune System Provide a High Degree of Sensitivity and Specificity to the Broad Array of Pathogens Without Attacking Self? Clonal Selection Hypothesis Expression of Antigen-specific Membrane Proteins Clonal Selection The Antibody Recognizes an Epitope Within the Antigen Development of a Secondary Amplified Response Clonal Expansion Structure of Antigen Recognition Molecule Different Antigen Recognition Molecules Are Used by B Cells and T Cells Identity of Lymphocytes in the Peripheral Blood Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Tissues Lymph Node Organization Spleen Organization Anatomical Localization of B cells and T Cells B Cells and T cells Recognize Different Antigenic Contexts B Cells use the Immunoglobulin Molecule to recognize 3D structures of the native molecules. T Cells use the T cell receptor to recognize primary structures. Structure of Immunoglobulin Molecule Function of Immunoglobulin Molecules T cells Recognize Peptides Presented by Cells Helper T cell Cytotoxic T cell Function of Cytotoxic and Helper T Cells Questions to Consider Why do you only get some infections like chicken pox aka varicella zoster only once? How do you generate an system able to recognize a broad array of pathogens with a high level of sensitivity and specificity using a finite amount of coding DNA? Why do subsequent immune responses to a pathogen occur more rapidly and at higher titers than previous immune responses? How does the immune system provide a high degree of sensitivity and specificity to the broad array of pathogens without attacking self? Why are T cells and B cells effective against different pathogens and how do T cells and B cells see antigens differently?