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Plasma = a fluid of free charged particles Maxwell’s eqn’s: + Newton’s laws Î Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) “Frozen in” fields: • • • Field lines and charged particles move together. Takes energy to squish field lines closer together Takes energy to stretch field lines. The Sun’s magnetic field Charged particles in magnetic field feel Lorenz force: Magnetic Field Lines Force B (mag field) velocity X-ray flare movie http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/plasma/lectures/node60.html 1 The History of the Universe Nucleosynthesis Planck Galaxy of H, He, Li time Formation Decoupling Inflation of CMB Now Hot Cool High density Low density Interactions Four forces in Nature 1 Gravity 3 Weak Interaction Newton Beta (radioactive) decay Muon decay Time scales: 10-12 ~ 103 sec 2 Electromagnetism Faraday 4 Strong Interaction Hold nuclei together Particle collision Time scales: 10-23 sec (These slides compliments of Prof. Yuan) 2 Leptons • Don’t feel the strong force • Integer or Zero charge • Flavours: e− “electron” (1897) In atoms (1937) First seen in Cosmic Ray (1975) Seen at SLAC (0.511 MeV) µ− “Muon” (206 me) τ− “Tau” (17 mµ) νe ( Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) “electron neutrino” (1956) Pauli’s explanation of Beta Decay (1930) Mass νµ “Muon neutrino” (1962) ντ ν e < 3 eV ν µ < 0.19 MeV “Tau neutrino” (2000) ν τ < 18.2 MeV Quarks • Feel the strong force • Fractionally charged 2 3 Q= × Proton charge − 1 3 • Constituents of neutron and proton (udd) ( ) u d • Flavors: u d s c b t (uud) “up” “down” “up” “down” “strange” “charmed” “bottom” “top” Baryon A strongly interacting particle that is composed of quarks and has a spin that is an integer multiple of ħ (e.g., a quark, neutron, or proton). 3 The Standard Model of Particle Physics Matter fields (make up all visible matter in the universe) Fermions (Spin 1/2) Lepton ( No Strong Interaction Quarks (q) ) u d L νe − e L νµ − µ L ντ − τ L eR− µ −R τ−R u d L c c c s L s L s L u d L t b L t b L t b L uR uR uR c R c R cR tR tR tR dR dR dR sR sR sR bR bR bR 14444444244444443 3 families Scalar (Spin 0) Higgs Boson ( Not yet found! ) ( From Higgs Mechanism Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking) The Standard Model of Particle Physics Interactions ( mediated by interchanging Gauge Bosons, spin-1 force carrier ) 1) Electromagnetic Interaction (QED) Photon (massless) 2) Strong Interaction (QCD) Gluon (massless) (1979) 3) Weak Interaction W + , W − and ( Z Gauge Bosons massive M W = 80.4 GeV M Z = 91.187 GeV In SM, the Mass of W-boson, either W ± (1983) 1 GeV = 109 eV ) or Z , arises from the Higgs Mechanism ( Without it, Gauge Bosons have to be massless from gauge principle.) 4 “Freezing out” of the four forces: Theory of Everything Grand Unified Theory • Massless gauge bosons. • Many additional massive particles (dark matter candidates) • Quarks • Massive gauge bosons • Leptons • Gluons • Photons 5