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QCD and strongly coupled gauge theories: challenges and
QCD and strongly coupled gauge theories: challenges and

... strong-interaction physics at the beginning of a new era initiated by the discovery of the Higgs particle at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. It has been a concerted undertaking by many contributing authors, with a smaller group of conveners and editors to coordinate the effort. Together, we have ...
Chapter 1: MEASUREMENT
Chapter 1: MEASUREMENT

Impaginazione OK
Impaginazione OK

Reviews of Modern Physics 83, 407
Reviews of Modern Physics 83, 407

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Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications
Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications

... physics (for example, magnetism, semiconductor physics, superconductivity, optics, and mesoscopic physics) and establishes new connections between its different subfields (Rashba, 2002c; Žutić, 2002a). We review here both well-established results and the physical principles ...
Condensation and pattern formation in cold exciton gases in
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Spin dynamics and spatially resolved spin transport phenomena in

Physics 505 Fall 2007 Homework Assignment #4 — Solutions
Physics 505 Fall 2007 Homework Assignment #4 — Solutions

2001 by CRC Press LLC
2001 by CRC Press LLC

... theory of gravitation. In this view the influence of individual bodies extends across space, instantaneously affects other bodies, and remains completely unaffected by the presence of an intervening medium. Such an idea was revolutionary; until then action by contact, in which objects are thought to aff ...
“However, no experiment can prove a theory, only disprove one if an
“However, no experiment can prove a theory, only disprove one if an

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Molecules in strong laser fields - EDOC HU - Humboldt

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... This study explores an innovative approach to control the droplet size distribution produced by an electrospray with the intention of eventually being able to deliver precisely controlled quantities of precursor materials for nanofabrication. The technique uses a thermionic cathode to charge the dro ...
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... dependence on the atomic configuration, an effect explained below, is quite unique in solid-state physics. This sensitivity constitutes a challenge for synthesis techniques, since well-controlled properties are often desired, but it is also a source of innovation for applications. In the following s ...
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... force on itself is called space chare force. At very high energy when the speed of the bunch approaches speed of light, the space chare force vanishes. The force applied on the opposite beam is called beam-beam force, which will be enhanced at high energy case contrarily. ...
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Transverse Beer-Can Distribution Electron Beam

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Lecture Notes 18.5: Lorentz Transformation of EM Fields, the EM
Lecture Notes 18.5: Lorentz Transformation of EM Fields, the EM

... transformations of E  B in going from one IRF(S) to another IRF(S') ??? In the immediately preceding lecture notes, the reader may have noticed some tacit / implicit assumptions were made, which we now make explicit: 1) Electric charge q (like c, the speed of light) is a Lorentz invariant scalar qu ...
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Introduction to gauge theory

A gauge theory is a type of theory in physics. Modern theories describe physical forces in terms of fields, e.g., the electromagnetic field, the gravitational field, and fields that describe forces between the elementary particles. A general feature of these field theories is that the fundamental fields cannot be directly measured; however, some associated quantities can be measured, such as charges, energies, and velocities. In field theories, different configurations of the unobservable fields can result in identical observable quantities. A transformation from one such field configuration to another is called a gauge transformation; the lack of change in the measurable quantities, despite the field being transformed, is a property called gauge invariance. Since any kind of invariance under a field transformation is considered a symmetry, gauge invariance is sometimes called gauge symmetry. Generally, any theory that has the property of gauge invariance is considered a gauge theory. For example, in electromagnetism the electric and magnetic fields, E and B, are observable, while the potentials V (""voltage"") and A (the vector potential) are not. Under a gauge transformation in which a constant is added to V, no observable change occurs in E or B.With the advent of quantum mechanics in the 1920s, and with successive advances in quantum field theory, the importance of gauge transformations has steadily grown. Gauge theories constrain the laws of physics, because all the changes induced by a gauge transformation have to cancel each other out when written in terms of observable quantities. Over the course of the 20th century, physicists gradually realized that all forces (fundamental interactions) arise from the constraints imposed by local gauge symmetries, in which case the transformations vary from point to point in space and time. Perturbative quantum field theory (usually employed for scattering theory) describes forces in terms of force-mediating particles called gauge bosons. The nature of these particles is determined by the nature of the gauge transformations. The culmination of these efforts is the Standard Model, a quantum field theory that accurately predicts all of the fundamental interactions except gravity.
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