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Single-Cycle Non-Sequential Double Ionization - Max
Single-Cycle Non-Sequential Double Ionization - Max

University of Groningen Electrical spin injection in metallic
University of Groningen Electrical spin injection in metallic

... In general magnetism originates from the spin of the electron, having a much larger magnetic moment than the nucleus of an atom. A net electron spin in an atom results from flexibility of ordering in the electronic arrangement of the electrons around the nucleus and the requirement for the electron ...
The Dynamics of Near-Surface Dust on Airless Bodies
The Dynamics of Near-Surface Dust on Airless Bodies

... thus variations in the bodys gravity may significantly influence the trajectory of a given particle. For the case of a spherical asteroid, it can be seen that the time variation of the plasma environment will not cause the particle to reimpact prematurely. We also find that the transverse electric f ...
Simulation of the formation of antihydrogen in a nested Penning trap:
Simulation of the formation of antihydrogen in a nested Penning trap:

... the magnetic-field strength. However, [21] found that this temperature scaling is only valid in a steady-state situation, where the antiproton is immersed in the positron plasma for a time longer than the time required for recombination. This assumption does not hold true in a nested Penning trap, a ...
Superconducting Proximity Effect in InAs Nanowires
Superconducting Proximity Effect in InAs Nanowires

Calculus-Based Physics II
Calculus-Based Physics II

Are mirror worlds opaque?
Are mirror worlds opaque?

Nonlinear design in nanophotonics David Liu
Nonlinear design in nanophotonics David Liu

Hyperfine Structure of Cs2 Molecules in Electronically Excited States
Hyperfine Structure of Cs2 Molecules in Electronically Excited States

1 Definition of Physics
1 Definition of Physics

ABSTRACT PHENOMENOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HEAVY QUARK SYSTEMS
ABSTRACT PHENOMENOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HEAVY QUARK SYSTEMS

... at high momenta, is called asymptotic freedom and was first derived in the context of QCD in Refs. [1, 4, 5, 6]. At low momenta, one expects the opposite, i.e., large couplings. The large couplings prevent a meaningful perturbative expansion in powers of the strong coupling constant for low energy ...
Unit 2 - Triangles Equilateral Triangles
Unit 2 - Triangles Equilateral Triangles

... the same chords, SV , TV , and TS , as the central angles, in that order. Note that the measures of these central angles are 120o, while the measures of the corresponding inscribed angles are 60o. The measure of the central angle is equal to twice the measure of the inscribed angle intercepted by th ...
Proving Triangles and Quadrilaterals are Special
Proving Triangles and Quadrilaterals are Special

... produces an image parallel to the pre-image, since PA || TR, and since A' = R and R' = A; T, R and P' are collinear, as are P, A and T'. Because rotation preserves segment length, RP = AP'. Therefore, TA = RP = AP'. Consider ΔTAP'. Since two sides are equal, it is isosceles, so ∠RTA = ∠RP'A. RP ...
Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 309 (2006)
Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 309 (2006)

Microwave Spectroscopy of Two-Dimensional Electrons in Tilted Magnetic Field
Microwave Spectroscopy of Two-Dimensional Electrons in Tilted Magnetic Field

... 174) because at low ν the energy curves of the two types of states can come so close to each other that a small error in the estimation can vastly affect the prediction. There have also been propositions (15, 16, 79, 113, 170) that correlations responsible for the FQHE’s can still be relevant for th ...
electromagnetic energy-momentum tensor within material media
electromagnetic energy-momentum tensor within material media

... 2 . Static Field s We begin with an examination of the various tensors applied to th e simplest physical case, namely the static fields . Actually, only electrostati c fields shall be considered since, for the simple case with linear inductiv e magnetization here considered, the corresponding result ...
PROBING AND MODELING VOLTAGE BREAKDOWN IN VACUUM
PROBING AND MODELING VOLTAGE BREAKDOWN IN VACUUM

Production and evolution of axion dark matter in the early universe
Production and evolution of axion dark matter in the early universe

... it gives some predictions for laboratory experiments. Unfortunately, no signature was observed, and the prototype axion model was ruled out soon after the proposal [15]. However, it was argued that models with higher symmetry breaking scale denoted as Fa (the axion decay constant) can still avoid th ...
Chapter 22 The Electric Field II: Continuous Charge
Chapter 22 The Electric Field II: Continuous Charge

Wave propagation in media having negative permittivity and
Wave propagation in media having negative permittivity and

... intuitive ray picture given in 关3兴; but, as we will demonstrate, care must be exercised in interpreting the meaning of the rays in the DNG slab. However, the exact solution also proves that this occurs for only one particular lossless, nondispersive case for which the index of refraction is ⫺1, i.e. ...
The Thermal Dielectrophoretic Force on a Dielectric Particle in
The Thermal Dielectrophoretic Force on a Dielectric Particle in

... the square of the electric field strength, and the particle's volume. We solve two special cases, one where the electric field and temperature gradient are aligned, and a second case where they are perpendicular to each other. The general case for an arbitrary angle can be found simply by a superpos ...
SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS OF VLADIMIR GRIBOV LN Lipatov
SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS OF VLADIMIR GRIBOV LN Lipatov

... began to work on more fundamental problems of QCD which were beyond the applicability of perturbation theory. He discovered the important property of nonabelian gauge theories which is known as ”Gribov’s ambiguities” Nucl. Phys. B 139, 1 (1978). He demonstrated that in covariant gauges the gauge fre ...
Coupled  Modes  Analysis  of  SRS ... with  Langmuir Decay  and  Possible  Cascadings
Coupled Modes Analysis of SRS ... with Langmuir Decay and Possible Cascadings

The Einstein Hoax
The Einstein Hoax

electric dipoles - Project PHYSNET
electric dipoles - Project PHYSNET

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Introduction to gauge theory

A gauge theory is a type of theory in physics. Modern theories describe physical forces in terms of fields, e.g., the electromagnetic field, the gravitational field, and fields that describe forces between the elementary particles. A general feature of these field theories is that the fundamental fields cannot be directly measured; however, some associated quantities can be measured, such as charges, energies, and velocities. In field theories, different configurations of the unobservable fields can result in identical observable quantities. A transformation from one such field configuration to another is called a gauge transformation; the lack of change in the measurable quantities, despite the field being transformed, is a property called gauge invariance. Since any kind of invariance under a field transformation is considered a symmetry, gauge invariance is sometimes called gauge symmetry. Generally, any theory that has the property of gauge invariance is considered a gauge theory. For example, in electromagnetism the electric and magnetic fields, E and B, are observable, while the potentials V (""voltage"") and A (the vector potential) are not. Under a gauge transformation in which a constant is added to V, no observable change occurs in E or B.With the advent of quantum mechanics in the 1920s, and with successive advances in quantum field theory, the importance of gauge transformations has steadily grown. Gauge theories constrain the laws of physics, because all the changes induced by a gauge transformation have to cancel each other out when written in terms of observable quantities. Over the course of the 20th century, physicists gradually realized that all forces (fundamental interactions) arise from the constraints imposed by local gauge symmetries, in which case the transformations vary from point to point in space and time. Perturbative quantum field theory (usually employed for scattering theory) describes forces in terms of force-mediating particles called gauge bosons. The nature of these particles is determined by the nature of the gauge transformations. The culmination of these efforts is the Standard Model, a quantum field theory that accurately predicts all of the fundamental interactions except gravity.
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