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Announcements

Exam 3:
 Wednesday, 12/14
 50 MC

Optional Cumulative Exam:
 Wednesday, 12/14
 50 MC questions from Exams 1-3
 Replaces lowest exam score (i.e., cannot
hurt you)
Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders:
Introduction to Psychological
Disorders
 Anxiety Disorders
 Mood Disorders
 Psychotic Disorders

Services

Counseling
 Phone (Office hours): (206) 934-2917
 http://seattlecentral.edu/counsel/index.php
 If you are interested in visiting the Counseling
Center for personal concerns, please call to
schedule an appointment or email Lori Ann Miller
[email protected]
Introduction to
Psychological Disorders
Intro to ψ Disorders: Outline
Defining “abnormal” behavior
How do we understand psychological
disorders? (causes)
 How do we classify psychological
disorders?
 Rates of psychological disorders
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
What is “Abnormal”?

Abnormal (dictionary)
 Away from the usual or
typical
 Statistically, a deviation from
some norm or standard

How do we decide if a
behavior is abnormal?
Defining “Abnormal” Behavior
“3 D’s” of diagnosis:
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Deviant
Distressful
Dysfunctional
Defining Abnormal
“I felt the need to clean my room …
would spend four to five hours at it …
At the time I loved doing it. Then I
didn't want to do it any more, but I
couldn’t stop … The clothes hung …
two fingers apart …I touched my
bedroom wall before leaving the house
… I had constant anxiety … I thought I
might be nuts.”
Marc, diagnosed with
obsessive-compulsive disorder
(from Summers, 1996)
Causes of ψ Disorders
Prior to the 1800’s:


Demons or possessed
Ancient treatments of
psychological disorders
 Beating
 Burning
 Castrating
 Animal blood transfusion
 Stoning
 Torturing
Trephination (boring holes in
the skull to remove evil
forces)
Causes of ψ Disorders
Medical Model (1800’s)

Psychological disorders as mental illnesses with
physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated,
and in most cases cured

Key components:
 Etiology: Cause and development
 Diagnosis: Identifying symptoms
 Treatment: Treating disorders
 Prognosis: Forecast
Causes of ψ Disorders
Bio-psycho-social Approach

Psychological disorders as influenced by
biological, psychological, and social-culture
influences
Classifying Disorders

DSM: Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (American Psychological
Association)
 Describes the symptoms and
prevalence of various disorders
Criticisms of Classification:
Labeling

Labeling is biggest criticism of DSM
 Labels can be stigmatizing
Labels create preconceptions
that guide our perception and
interpretations

 Ex. Rosenhan Study (1972)
 Ex. Rent Study
Rates of ψ Disorders

Prevalence:
 450 million people worldwide suffer
from a psychological disorder
 26% of Americans in any given year
 46% of Americans some time in their
lives

Most common U.S. disorders:
Phobias, alcohol abuse, and
mood disorders (e.g.,
depression)
ψ Disorders: U.S.
ψ Disorders: Worldwide
Intro to ψ Disorders: Summary

Defining “abnormal”
behavior
 “3 D’s”

How do we understand
psychological disorders?
 Prior to 1800’s, Medical
Model, Bio-psycho-social
approach

How do we classify
psychological disorders?
 DSM-IV-TR

Rates of psychological
disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders

“Panic is a sudden desertion of us, and
a going over to the enemy of our
imagination.” 
~Christian Nevell Bovee
“Fear is a darkroom where negatives
develop.”
~Usman B. Asif
Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety Disorders (AD): Category of
mental disorders characterized by:
 Distressing, persistent anxiety (or)
 Maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Examples
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Panic disorder
Phobias
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety Disorders (AD): Category of
mental disorders characterized by:
 Distressing, persistent anxiety (or)
 Maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Examples




Panic disorder
Phobias
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Anxiety Disorders: Phobias

Who thinks they have a phobia?
 What are you afraid of?

Do you have these
symptoms?
 Diarrhea
 Panic Attacks
 Temporary Paralysis
Anxiety Disorders: Phobias

Phobia: An AD marked by a persistent,
irrational fear and avoidance of a
specific object or situation.

Prevalence
 Lifetime rates 7-11% of population
 Ratio of women to men is 2:1
Phobia Subtypes

Animal Type
 Ophidiophobia: Snakes

Natural Environment
Type
 Brontophobia:
Thunderstorms

Blood-Injection-Injury
Type
 Hemaphobia: Blood

Situational Type
 Claustrophobia: Enclosed
places

Other Type
 Emetophobia: Vomit
Examples of “Other” Phobias
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Anthropophobia: people
Ataxiophobia: disorders
Bymnophobia: nudity
Gamophobia: marriage
Hedonophobia: pleasure
Kakorrhaphiophobia: failure
Phrenophobia: going insane
Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia
 long words
Treatment of Phobias

Behavioral Therapy: Mostly exposure
therapy
 Based on principles of operant conditioning
▪ Extinguish fear behavior
▪ Develop new behavior
Virtual Exposure Therapy
Obsessive Compulsive
Disorder (OCD)
Anxiety Disorders: OCD

OCD: An AD characterized by:
 unwanted repetitive thoughts
(Obsessions)
(and/or)
 unwanted repetitive actions
(Compulsions)

Prevalence of OCD
 Lifetime rates of 2.5%
 Adults: Equally common
in women and men
Treatment of OCD

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
 Similar to phobias – exposure therapies
Treatment of OCD

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
 Similar to phobias – exposure therapies

Medication
 Serotonin
Anxiety Disorders: Summary

Overview of anxiety
disorders

Phobias
 Subtypes
 Treating phobias with
behavioral therapies

Obsessive Compulsive
Disorder
 Characteristics
 Video: Treatment
Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders

“I have studiously tried to avoid ever using
the word 'madness' to describe my condition.
Now and again, the word slips out, but I hate
it. 'Madness' is too glamorous a term to
convey what happens to most people who are
losing their minds. That word is too exciting,
too literary, too interesting in its
connotations, to convey the boredom, the
slowness, the dreariness, the dampness of
depression.”
- Elizabeth Wurtzel
Prozac Nation
Mood Disorders

“to the person in
The Bell Jar, black
and stopped as a
dead baby, the
world itself is a bad
dream”
- Sylvia Plath, 1971
Sylvia Plath, Self Portrait
Mood Disorders

Mood Disorders: A category of
disorders characterized by a
disturbance in mood

Examples
 Bipolar Disorder
 Dysthymic Disorder
 Major Depressive
Disorder (MDD)
The Guitarist (1903)
Pablo Picasso
Mood Disorders

Mood Disorders: A category of
disorders characterized by a
disturbance in mood

Examples
 Bipolar Disorder
 Dysthymic Disorder
 Major Depressive
Disorder (MDD)
The Guitarist (1903)
Pablo Picasso
Mood Disorders: MDD

MDD: A mood disorder in which a
person experiences 2+ weeks of:
 Depressed mood (OR)
 Loss of interest/pleasure in most activities

Accompanied by other symptoms:
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Weight and sleep change
Fatigue or low energy
Trouble concentrating
Feelings of worthlessness
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Cultural variations in symptoms
presentation

Prevalence
 Wide range (5-25%)
 Women diagnosed more than men
Treatment of MDD

Treatment
 Cognitive therapy (focus on thoughts)
 Interpersonal therapy (focus on
relationships)
 Medication
▪ Anti-depressants
Mood Disorders: Summary

Overview of mood disorders

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
 Characteristics and prevalence
 Treatment
Psychotic Disorders
Psychotic Disorders

“When I was 16 or 17, I suddenly got up in
the middle of the day [at school] and started
walking home several miles away,
something I'd never done before. I was a
good girl — I never skipped school. And as I
was walking, the houses got very ominous
and foreboding, and I started to think that
they were sending me messages. 'Look! See!
You must see! You are bad! You are evil!' I
didn't hear it as voices; they were thoughts,
but I thought they were thoughts put in my
head by the houses. It was very scary.”
- Elyn Saks
Psychotic Disorders

Psychotic Disorders: A
category of disorders
that include psychotic
symptoms

Examples
 Delusional Disorder
 Schizophrenia
Psychotic Disorders

Psychotic Disorders: A
category of disorders
that include psychotic
symptoms

Examples
 Delusional Disorder
 Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia: A group of severe
disorders characterized by

Disorganized and delusional thinking
 Disturbed perceptions
 Inappropriate emotions and actions

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

Paranoid
 Preoccupation with delusions or
hallucinations

Disorganized
 Disorganized speech or behavior; flat
or inappropriate emotion

Catatonic
 Immobility & extreme negativitism,
parroting

Undifferentiated
 Many and varied symptoms

Residual
 Withdrawal, after hallucinations &
delusions have disappeared
Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Positive Symptoms
 Hallucinations,
delusions

Negative Symptoms
 Flat affect (lack of
emotion)
 Disorganized behavior
or thinking
Schizophrenia by
Haley N. ‘Everlorn’ Baker
Schizophrenia

Cultural variations

Prevalence
 U.S.: 0.5% - 1.5%

Treatment
 Mostly medication
▪ Antipsychotics
 Skill-based therapy
Cats Louis
Wain
Schizophrenia

“I would not dare to say
that there is a direct
relation between
mathematics and madness,
but there is no doubt that
great mathematicians
suffer from maniacal
characteristics, delirium
and symptoms of
schizophrenia.”

~ John Forbes Nash
Video: Overcoming
Schizophrenia: John Nash’s
Beautiful Mind
ψ Disorders: Summary

Anxiety Disorders
 Phobias
 OCD

Mood Disorders
 MDD

Psychotic Disorders
 Schizophrenia