Download PSYC 100 Chapter 14

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CHAPTER 14
Psychological Disorders
CHAPTER 14: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
  Perspectives
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on Psychological Disorders
  Anxiety Disorders
  Somatoform Disorders
  Dissociative Disorders
  Mood Disorders
  Schizophrenia
  Personality Disorders
  Substance-related Disorders (Supplemental)
  Rates of Psychological Disorders
  Documentation (Supplemental)
INTRODUCTION
“To study the abnormal is the best way of
understanding the normal” – William James
occurs on a spectrum.
  We will all encounter people with mental health
issues in our lives.
  The World Health Organization (2008) reports
that 450 million people worldwide suffer from
mental or behavioral disorders
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  Behavior
PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
  How
should we define psychological disorders?
should we understand disorders? As a
sickness that needs to be diagnosed and cured, or
as a natural response to a troubling
environment?
  How
should we classify psychological disorders?
And can we do so in a way that allows us help
people without stigmatizing them with labels?
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  How
DEFINING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER
A psychological disorder is a deviant,
distressful, and dysfunctional behavior pattern
behavior must cause a person distress to be
classified as a psychological disorder
  Dysfunction is also key to defining a disorder.
  Examples: Marc, Greta and Stuart on page 593
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  The
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: ADHD
 
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: marked by
the appearance by age 7 of one or more of the three
key symptoms:
 
 
 
Skepticism:
 
 
 
Other evidence
 
 
 
More boys than girls diagnosed
Diagnosis quadrupled since 1987
Better awareness and diagnosis
Patterns of brain activity
Considerations
 
 
ADHD symptoms interfere with social, academic, and
vocational achievement
Treatment with stimulants
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 
Extreme inattention
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity
UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Earlier times: Mental illness explained by strange forces
  Very brutal treatments were used to “help” people with
psychological or behavioral conditions.
 
 
 
Reformers (e.g. Philippe
Pinel) insisted that
sicknesses of the mind
were caused by severe
stresses and inhumane
conditions.
He worked to improve the
living conditions for people
with mental illnesses
through activities like his
“Lunatic Ball” depicted in
this painting by George
Bellows
UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS CONTINUED
Genetic influences, brain structure anomalies,
biochemical imbalance can all play a role.
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The Medical Model: the concept that diseases, in
this case psychological disorders, have physical
causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most
cases cured, through treatment.
UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS CONTINUED
 
 
 
Biology: genetic predispositions and physical states
Psychology: inner psychological dynamics
Society: social and cultural circumstances
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The Biopsychosocial Approach: the concept
that there are many influences on normal and
abnormal behavior
CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
  Current
version: DSM-IV-TR, the fourth version,
text-revised edition. www.dsm5.org
  The DSM is a helpful and practical tool.
  It defines and describes the diagnostic process
for 16 clinical syndromes (next slide).
  Gives ICD-10 (numerical code) for diagnosis,
necessary to bill insurance.
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American Psychiatric Association’s
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders
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DSM-IV-TR CONTINUED
  Other
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information included for each disorder
includes:
  Episode / Diagnostic Features
  Associated features and disorders
  Specific culture, age, and gender features
  Course
  Differential diagnosis
LABELING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
 
Criticism of the DSM:
 
 
In a classic study, researcher David Rosenhan (1973)
and 7 other healthy adults:
 
 
 
Went to hospital admissions offices and complained of
hearing voices that said: empty, hollow, or thud
Apart from this complaint (and giving false names) they
answered all other questions truthfully
All eight of these individuals were misdiagnosed AND
admitted to inpatient mental health care
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 
Casting too wide a net and bringing “almost any kind of
behavior within the compass of psychiatry” (Eysenck et al.,
1983).
Some find the labels given to disorders to be arbitrary;
these labels create preconceptions that guide our
perceptions and interpretations.
LABELING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
  What
 
 
Help doctors communicate about cases
Comprehend underlying causes
Discern effective treatment programs.
  Drawbacks
 
 
 
of labels?
Bias perceptions, change reality
Self-fulfilling prophecy: a prediction that directly or
indirectly causes itself to be true, interaction between
belief and behavior.
Stigmatization and stereotypes: mental illness does
not cause dangerous or violent behavior
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 
are the benefits of diagnostic labels?
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: INSANITY
AND RESPONSIBILITY
  Legal
 
Created in 1843
Famous examples: Hinkley, Dahmer, Kip Kinkel,
Andrea Yates
  Most
people with psychological disorders are
NOT violent
  High instance of psychological illness in the
incarcerated population.
  In
order to think critically (rather than
intuitively) about this issue, we need to know
more about psychological disorders.
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 
insanity defense
AN OVERVIEW TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
  Disorders
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are grouped meaningfully by the
mechanism of dysfunction:
  Depression: mood
  Anxiety: stress
  Somatoform disorders: mind-body connection
  Dissociative disorders: reality, assumed roles
  Schizophrenia: thought
  Personality disorders: patterns of interacting
ANXIETY DISORDERS
  Anxiety
 
 
 
 
 
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Phobias
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
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Disorders are psychological disorders
characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety
or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
  Common anxiety disorders include:
ANXIETY DISORDERS CONTINUED
 
 
 
Freud: Free-floating anxiety
Comorbidity: Depressed Mood
Consequences: How does chronic stress affect the body?
Panic Disorder
  An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable
minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a
person experiences terror and accompanying chest
pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
 
 
Can escalate into a Panic Attack
Smokers: risk is doubled
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
  An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually
tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic
system arousal.
PHOBIAS
  An
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anxiety disorder marked by a persistent,
irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object,
activity, or situation.
  Specific Phobias
  Social Phobia and agoraphobia
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
 
 
 
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 
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive
thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
Where do we draw the line between normal and disorder?
Persistent interference with everyday living, causing distress
More common in teens and young adults
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
  An
  Biological/Evolutionary
wisdom to remembering
emotional and traumatic experiences
  Veterans of war, survivors of accidents, disasters,
violent and sexual assault.
  Highly specific diagnostic criteria.
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anxiety disorder characterized by haunting
memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy
anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four
weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
DIAGNOSING PTSD
Reexperiencing
1. 
 
 
Recurrent thoughts, memories, dreams, nightmares
Flashbacks
Avoidance
2. 
 
 
Avoid activities that remind them of the event
Avoid related thoughts, feelings, conversations
Reduced responsiveness
3. 
 
 
People feel detached from others or lose interest in
activities
Dissociation
Increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt
4. 
 
 
Hyper-alert, easy startle, trouble concentrating, sleeping
difficulties
Survivor guilt
PTSD CONTINUED
  Rates
 
 
66% of prostitutes
10% of Vietnam veterans who did not see combat
32% of Vietnam veterans who experienced heavy
combat
  Etiology:
 
 
 
Emotional distress during the event
Sensitive limbic system
Genes may be a factor
  Post-traumatic
growth and survivor resiliency
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 
of PTSD:
UNDERSTANDING ANXIETY DISORDERS
  The
 
 
Stimulus generalization
Reinforcement
  Observational
others fears
learning: we learn by observing
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Learning Perspective
  Fear conditioning: through conditioning, the
short list of naturally painful and frightening
events can multiply into a long list of human
fears
UNDERSTANDING ANXIETY DISORDERS
 
The Biological Perspective
 
 
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 
Natural selection – we fear the threats faced by our ancestors
Genes: specific genes, including some that regulate
neurotransmitters have been identified for their link to anxiety
disorders
The brain: the anterior cingulate cortex is hyperactive in those
with anxiety disorders
SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
“Medically unexplained illnesses”
  Regardless of the somatoform disorder, the common
response that it is “all in your head” provides little
relief as the symptoms are genuinely felt.
 
 
 
Conversion disorder and hypochondriasis
Also: Pain disorder, somatization disorder, body
dysmorphic disorder, somatoform disorder not otherwise
specified
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Somatoform disorders are psychological disorders in
which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form
without apparent physical cause
SOMATOFORM DISORDERS CONTINUED
  Conversion
 
http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505263_162-57368050/
towns-teen-medical-mystery-solved/
  Hypochondriasis
is a somatoform disorder in
which a person interprets normal physical
sensations as symptoms of a disease.
 
Reinforced: sympathy, relief from everyday demands
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disorder is a rare somatoform
disorder in which a person experiences very
specific genuine physical symptoms for which no
physiological basis can be found.
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
  Dissociation
 
 
  In
Perhaps you can recall getting in your car and
driving to some unintended location while your mind
was preoccupied elsewhere.
Dissociation can be protective from overwhelming
emotions. E.g. trauma
severe cases, dissociation becomes a disorder.
Dissociative disorders are disorder in which
conscious awareness becomes separated from
previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
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itself is not rare – now and then,
people may have a sense of being unreal, being
separated from their body.
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
  Dissociative
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amnesia
  Dissociative fugue
  Dissociative identity disorder
  Depersonalized disorder
  Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS CONTINUED
  A
massive dissociation of self from
ordinary consciousness is found in
Dissociative Identity Disorder
(DID) – this is a rare dissociative
disorder in which a person exhibits
two or more distinct and alternating
personalities.
 
 
 
Previously referred to as multiple
personality disorder.
Exceptionally rare
E.g. U.S. of Tara
DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER
A disorder in which a person develops two or more
distinct personalities.
  Subpersonalities
 
 
 
Average number of alters: 15
Differ from the “primary”
Interaction between subpersonalities (alters) varies –
mutually amnesic relationships versus mutually
cognizant patterns, co-conscious subpersonalities
  Subpersonalities
 
 
 
differ in three important ways:
Identifying features
Abilities and preferences
Physiological responses
DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER
CONTINUED
 
Skeptics of the DID:
 
Since its inclusion in the DSM in 1980s, the diagnosis
have increased dramatically.
  DID is predominantly diagnosed in the U.S. and is
thought to be the response of highly imaginative
people to hypnosis and fishing by therapists.
  Evidence suggests DID is related to PTSD – many
individuals with DID experienced severe physical,
sexual, or emotional abuse as children
 
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 
Extension of our normal capacity for personality shifts.
We all engage in different roles – such as at work, when
around our friends, or visiting with our older relatives.
RECAP
  What
 
are psychological disorders characterized by
distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive
behaviors that reduce anxiety
  Somatoform
 
are psychological disorders in which the symptoms
take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent
physical cause
  Dissociative
 
Disorders
Identity Disorders
A disorder in which a person develops two or more
distinct personalities.
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is a psychological disorder? How do we
diagnose disorders?
  Anxiety Disorders:
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
  Mood
 
 
 
Disorders:
Group of disorders
Depressive disorders and Bipolar disorders
Severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality
ranging from elation to severe depression.
MOOD DISORDERS
Mood Disorders: psychological disorders
characterized by emotional extremes
depressive disorder
  Dysthymic disorder
  Bipolar I disorder
  Bipolar II disorder
  Cyclothymic disorder
  Bipolar disorder NOS.
  Mood disorder due to a general medical condition
  Substance-induced mood disorder
  Mood disorder NOS.
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  Major
MOOD DISORDERS CONTINUED
 
Depression is the common cold of psychological
disorders:
 
 
 
13% of adults in the U.S. experience depression in their
lifetime (Patten et al., 2006)
44% of college students report that on (at least) one
occasion in the last year they have felt “so depressed it was
difficult to function” (ACHA, 2006).
Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide
(WHO, 2002).
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 
Major Depressive Disorder is a mood disorder in
which a person experiences two or more weeks of
significantly depressed mood, feelings of
worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in
most activities.
MOOD DISORDERS CONTINUED
  Bipolar
 
 
Mania: a mood state marked by hyperactivity and wild
optimism.
Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.
  Mood
swings are normal
  Bipolar disorder: distress and impaired functioning
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disorder: a mood disorder in which the
person alternates between the hopelessness and
lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of
mania .
MOOD DISORDERS CONTINUED
 
Bipolar is less common than depression but more
debilitating.
 
 
 
Depressive phase: presents as depressed mood
Manic phase: overtalkative, overactive, elated, fewer
inhibitions, more energy
 
Mania’s energy fuels creativity.
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 
Bipolar claims twice as many lost workdays as depression
Individuals with bipolar are significantly more likely to
attempt suicide than the general population
MOOD DISORDERS CONTINUED
  Bipolar
disorder and artistic aptitude
  This phenomenon is described briefly in your book,
but also by author Kay Redfield Jamison.
 
 
Kay Redfield Jamison is a
professor of psychology at Johns
Hopkins University and she has
bipolar disorder. Her book An
Unquiet Mind documents her
experience.
She also wrote the book Touched
by Fire, which describes the
correlation between bipolar and
artistic aptitude
WATCH THIS INTERVIEW:
  Kay
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Redfield Jamison
  http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/4024
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
  Many
behavioral and cognitive changes
accompany depression.
 
Trapped in depression: inactive, unmotivated
Common comorbidities: Anxiety, substance abuse
  Depression
is widespread
  Women are twice as vulnerable to major
depression than men.
 
 
Gender gap begins in adolescence
Internal versus external states
  Most
major depressive episodes self-terminate
  Stressful events often precede depression
  Depression occurs earlier and affects more
people.
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 
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
The Biological Perspective:
  Genetic influences: The heritability of depression is
estimated at 35-40%
  The Depressed Brain:
 
 
 
 
Norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter which increases arousal and
boosts mood, is low in depression and overabundant during mania
Serotonin, another neurotransmitter associated with mood, is low
during depression
The Bipolar Brain:
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS CONT.
The Social-Cognitive Perspective:
  Negative thoughts and negative mood interact
 
 
 
 
Learned helplessness
Overthinking and ruminating: “Shoulding” on oneself
Explanatory Style
Depression’s Vicious Cycle:
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 
NEGATIVE THOUGHTS AND NEGATIVE
MOODS INTERACT: EXPLANATORY STYLE
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DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY: COMMON COMORBIDITY
A. 
Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of
the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.
1. 
Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either
subjective report (e.g., feels sad or empty) or observation made by others (e.g.,
appears tearful).
Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of
the day, nearly every day (as indicated by either subjective account or
observation made by others)
Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., a change of more
than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in appetite nearly
every day. Note: In children, consider failure to make expected weight gains.
Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable by others,
not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed down)
Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may be
delusional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guilt about being sick)
Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day
(either by subjective account or as observed by others)
Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation
without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing
suicide
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 
SCHIZOPHRENIA
  Schizophrenia
is a group of severe disorders
characterized by disorganized and delusional
thinking, disturbed perceptions, and
inappropriate emotions and actions
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“If depression is the common cold of psychological
disorders, chronic schizophrenia is the
cancer” (Myers, 2010, p. 621).
SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Positive symptoms: presence of inappropriate
behaviors
Negative symptoms: absence of normal behaviors
Disorganized and Psychomotor symptoms
SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
CONTINUED
 
 
 
Positive Symptoms: “pathological excesses”
  Presence of abnormal behaviors
Delusions: false beliefs
  Delusions of persecution
  Delusions of reference
  Delusions of grandeur
  Delusions of control
Heightened Perceptions and Hallucinations are common
  Hallucinations: sensory experiences without sensory
stimulation.
  Auditory hallucinations: common, activate auditory
areas of the brain
  Hallucinations and delusions often occur together
SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA CONTINUED
  Negative
 
symptoms: “pathological deficits”
Absence of appropriate behaviors
  Avolition:
apathy, drained of energy and interest
  Alogia: decrease in speech of speech content, also
known as poverty of speech
  Anhedonia
  Blunted and Flat Affect
 
 
Show less emotions than most people
Flat affect: marked lack of expressed emotions
  Social
withdrawal
DISORGANIZED AND PSYCHOMOTOR SYMPTOMS
 
Ideas are consistently jumbled, causing something
called “word salad”
 
One reason for the disorganized thoughts is a
breakdown in selective attention:
 
 
 
Irrelevant, minute stimuli distract attention.
Selective attention: ability to attend to one stimulus when
multiple stimuli are present in the environment.
Inappropriate emotions and actions
 
 
 
Emotions in schizophrenia are sometimes widely
inappropriate, such as laughing when discussing the death
of a relative
People with schizophrenia may lapse into an emotionless
state, called flat affect
Inappropriate motor behavior.
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 
E.g.: “Liberationary movement with a view to the widening
of the horizon”
SUBTYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
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UNDERSTANDING SCHIZOPHRENIA
  Brain
 
 
Abnormalities:
Dopamine overactivity: up to six times
more receptors than normal
Abnormal brain activity and anatomy:
Smaller than normal frontal lobes
  Smaller than normal cortex in general
  Larger cerebral ventricles (see images)
  Increased activity in several areas
 
UNDERSTANDING SCHIZOPHRENIA CONT.
  Genetic
 
 
 
 
Factors:
Predispositions are
obvious
Details are
complicated and
unknown
Psychological Factors:
  Early warning signs have been found, but the
psychological factors are similar to the genetic –
they indicate predispositions and only part of a
complicated causal network
Zimbardo (1976): “Rational path to madness”
ELYN SAKS
  http://www.ted.com/talks/
elyn_saks_seeing_mental_illness.html
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PERSONALITY DISORDERS
  What
 
 
 
 
 
is personality?
Our enduring pattern of inner experience and
outer behavior.
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking,
feeling, and acting.
Personality trait
Warning: medical student syndrome
Three clusters of personality disorders
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Personality disorders are psychological disorders
characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior
patterns that impair social functioning.
CLUSTER A: “ODD” PERSONALITY DISORDERS
  Paranoid
  Schizoid
  Schizotypal
  Odd
or eccentric behaviors that are similar to
schizophrenia, but not as extensive.
 
E.g. suspiciousness, social withdrawal, peculiar ways
of thinking.
  Schizophrenia-spectrum
disorders
CLUSTER A: CHARACTERIZED BY ODD OR
ECCENTRIC BEHAVIOR
 
Paranoid PD:
 
 
Schizoid PD:
 
 
 
Pattern of detachment from social relationships and a
restricted range of emotional expression.
Appear to be loners; aloof, eccentric, cold (no prominent
paranoia)
Schizotypal PD:
 
 
Pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or
perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior.
Magical thinking, paranoid, must precede diagnosis of
schizophrenia
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 
Pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others’
motives are interpreted as malevolent.
Concerned that others will harm, exploit, or deceive them.
CLUSTER B: “DRAMATIC” PERSONALITY DISORDERS
  Antisocial
  Borderline
  Histrionic
  Narcissistic
  Dramatic,
emotional, or erratic behavior
  “Dramatic” PDs are more commonly diagnosed
than the other groups.
  Causes are not well understood.
  Treatments range from ineffective to moderately
effective.
CLUSTER B: INDIVIDUALS WITH THESE DISORDERS
OFTEN APPEAR DRAMATIC, EMOTIONAL, OR ERRATIC
 
Antisocial PD:
 
 
Borderline PD:
 
 
 
Histrionic PD:
 
 
 
Pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, selfimage, and affects, and marked impulsivity.
Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment.
Pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking.
Lively and dramatic – feel unappreciated when not the center
of attention.
Narcissistic PD:
 
 
Pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of
empathy.
Self-importance – overestimate abilities and inflate their
accomplishments
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 
Pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others;
low baseline arousal
Sometimes confused with psychopathy, sociopathy
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
  Antisocial
 
 
Lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward
friends and family members
May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
  Symptoms
 
emerge in childhood or adolescence
Low baseline arousal:
 
 
 
Personality Disorder:
Lower levels of stress hormones
Unemotional and fearless
tendencies
Frontal lobe:
 
 
 
Reduced activity
Deficits in frontal lobe cognitive
functions
Respond less to facial displays of
others’ distress
VIDEO CLIPS
  Ted
Talk: http://www.ted.com/talks/
jim_fallon_exploring_the_mind_of_a_killer.html
  Ted
Talk: http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/
philip_zimbardo_on_the_psychology_of_evil.html
CLUSTER C: “ANXIOUS” PERSONALITY DISORDERS
  Avoidant
PD
  Dependent PD
  Obsessive-Compulsive PD
  Display
anxious or fearful behavior
  Limited research support for the explanation of
this disorder.
  Treatments can be moderately successful (better
than other PDs
CLUSTER C: INDIVIDUALS WITH THESE DISORDERS
OFTEN APPEAR ANXIOUS OR FEARFUL
  Avoidant
  Dependent
 
 
PD:
Pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to
an excessive need to be taken care of.
Difficulty making everyday decisions without excessive
advice and reassurance for others.
  Obsessive-Compulsive
 
 
PD:
Pattern of preoccupation with orderliness,
perfectionism, and control.
Lacks presence of true obsessions and compulsions in
OCD.
Chaffee Winter 2013
PD: Pattern of social inhibition, feelings
of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative
evaluation.
SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS
Three classes of psychoactive drugs: depressants,
stimulants, hallucinogens.
  Influences on drug use: biological and sociocultural
influences
  DSM categories of substance abuse:
 
 
 
 
 
Substance Dependence
Substance Abuse
Substance Intoxication
Substance Withdrawal
Chaffee Winter 2013
There is a little monster inside your head that says “you
know you’ll feel better”
~ Kurt Cobain, describing addiction, April 1992
RATES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
  Correlates
 
Poverty – cause or effect?
Varies with the disorder and the individual
  When
 
 
do disorders strike?
In early adulthood: by age 24, 75% of those will
experience first symptoms (Robins & Regier, 1991)
Diathesis stress model: mental illness occurs based
upon a combination of genetic vulnerability and
environmental factors (stress)
Chaffee Winter 2013
 
of mental illness:
RATES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
  Many
successful people pursued and succeeded in
brilliant careers while enduring psychological
difficulties, including Leonardo da Vinci, Isaac
Newton, Leo Tolstoy, and 18 U.S. presidents.
CHAPTER 14 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 
 
Perspectives on Psychological Disorders:
 
Define psychological disorders. What are the key aspects of this definition?
 
Describe the Medical Model and the Biopsychosocial approach.
 
What is the DSM-IV-TR? What are the benefits and drawbacks of the DSM and labeling disorders?
For each disorder:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Anxiety disorders
 
Define and give a specific example.
 
Explanations for anxiety disorders: Learning perspective, biological perspective.
Somatoform disorders: Define.
Dissociative disorders
 
Define dissociative identity disorder.
 
Relationship to PTSD
 
How do skeptics interpret DID?
Define Mood Disorders
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Define major depressive disorder
Define bipolar disorder and mania
Biological perspective of depression
Social-cognitive perspective of depression.
Define thought disorders.
 
Schizophrenia, disorganized thought, delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate emotions/actions
 
What are some explanations for the development of schizophrenia?
Define personality disorders.
 
Choose one cluster of personality disorders to define.
 
What is antisocial personality disorder?
What is the diathesis stress model?
Chaffee Winter 2013
 
Understand the main features: definition and symptoms
Cause of the disorder
Theoretical explanation of the disorder (if provided)