Download Climate Change and Water in Southeast Asia

“Climate Change and Water
in Southeast Asia"
Salmah Zakaria
Energy Security and Water Resources Section
Environment Development Division
UN ESCAP, Bangkok
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in
ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Key Messages



The region faces multiple water challenges:
Climate Changes exacerbate these challenges,
particularly as more than 90% of climate change
impacts are on water related sub-sectors
70 to 90% of water resources in SEA (except for
Singapore and Brunei) are use for agriculture:
rapid urbanization is changing this equation
In a world with limiting natural resources, a
paradigm change in national development
approach that will ensure continued sustainable
development is required
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Water Challenges in Asia Pacific

Multiple Challenges in water sector

Governance


Location and Climate



Increasing water scarcity threat, High water utilization,
Deteriorating water quality, Poor access to drinking
water, Poor access to sanitation, Ecosystem
deterioration etc
Flood-prone areas, Cyclone-prone areas, Droughtprone areas, / Climate change risk,
ESCAP Water Hotspots Map 2010
With Climate Changes

All challenges will be exacerbated
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Key Messages



The region faces multiple water challenges:
Climate Changes exacerbate these challenges,
particularly as more than 90% of climate change
impacts are on water related sub-sectors
70 to 90% of water resources in SEA (except for
Singapore and Brunei) are use for agriculture:
rapid urbanization is changing this equation
In a world with limiting natural resources, a
paradigm change in national development
approach that will ensure continued sustainable
development is required
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
UN Population Division Estimates
http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/indicator_detail.cfm?IndicatorID=30&Country=MY
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009
Revision
UNDESA Population Division
File 2: Percentage of Population Residing in Urban Areas by Major Area, Region and Country, 1950-2050
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Key Messages



The region faces multiple water challenges:
Climate Changes exacerbate these challenges,
particularly as more than 90% of climate change
impacts are on water related sub-sectors
70 to 90% of water resources in SEA (except for
Singapore and Brunei) are use for agriculture:
rapid urbanization is changing this equation
In a world with limiting natural resources, a
paradigm change in national development
approach that will ensure continued sustainable
development is required
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Green Growth – Sustainable
development

De Boer -
National Geographic News,
Published November 26, 2010

the green growth stimulus packages
of China and Korea, clearest signal of
what is to come
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Water-food-energy nexus in Asia
Arjun Thapan, Special Senior Advisor (Infrastructure and Water) for the Asian Development Bank.
ManilaJakarta Post: Thu, 10/07/2010 10:35 AM | Opinion



About 80 percent of accessible freshwater in Asia is
used for agriculture; the rest is drawn by energy,
industry, and domestic use
Water for bio-fuels is beginning to compete with water
for agriculture
self-evident relationship between water, food, and
energy




corners of a triangle with politics and emotion at its
center - Tony Allan, a Stockholm Water Prize laureate
the correlation is apparent, real, and increasingly
complex to manage
an early warning system, to act now for sustaining Asia’s
water future
Efficiency gains in water use will be the new paradigm
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Human Development Index and Domestic
Material Consumption
per capita, 1995 and 2005
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Outline of presentations



Impact of Climate Change on Water
Identifying vulnerability
Moving forward
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Impact of Climate Change on Water
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in
ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Bubbles of GHGs emissions
per capita in 2006
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
10 Major Impacts of Climate
Change










1: Destruction of Ecosystems
2: Loss of Biodiversity
3: Conflicts and War
4: Economic Consequences
5: Disease
6: Drought
7: Storms and Floods
8: Heat Waves
9: Shrinking Glaciers
10: Rising Sea Level
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Climate Change

Became significant with more significant
release of GHGS from energy used,
deforestation, production of biomass, agroindustrial products, etc

Start ?? - Industrial revolution of 18th Century


Followed now – lifestyle change, including urbanisation


Mostly in the North
Everywhere: The South brings with it huge population,
while seemingly following similar development foot-paths
Impact from Climate Change affect all
particularly

the most vulnerable and least resilience

majority of which are in the developing world
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Hot Spots of AP future impacts and
Vulnerabilities- AR4 IPCC
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
How Climate Change Impact Water

Direct Impact


affecting the water cycle due to changes to
precipitation and evaporation cycle, pattern
Indirect Impact


Migration: people moved
 In search of food – arid areas
 In search of safer place – floods, sea level rise
Changing patterns of consumption
 Food product and life style changes
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Significance of Climate change to
water systems

Significant change in quantity of flow, will
affect



Shifting rainfall patterns, between 1-2 weeks





Design sizing of infrastructure; culverts, bridges, canals,
dams, etc
Existing operations and maintenance: water related systems floods, water supply, irrigation etc
Affect planting season; harvesting should not meet floods!
Droughts need to be avoided
Affect reservoir fillings, draw-downs, operations &
maintenance
Other general operations and maintenance of water
infrastructure and systems
Extreme and recurring floods and droughts


Health implication
Social and economic activities
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Araki & Koike, 2008
Ratio of Daily 10year Probable Rainfall between now and 50
years later (according to A1B scenario), from 17 models
IPSL-CM4
MIROC3.2(hires)
GFDL-CM2.0
CGCM3.1(T63)
CCSM3
MIROC3.2(medres)
GFDL-CM2.1
CSIRO-Mk3.0
ECHAM5/MPI-OM
ECHO-G
GISS-AOM
MRI-CGCM2.3.2
CNRM-CM3
PCM
INM-CM3.0
CSIRO-Mk3.5
CGCM3.1(T47)
Average=1.2
(from 17 models)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
1.6
1.8
Araki & Koike, 2008
Design Rainfall
Current Design
Rainfall
1
Design Hydrograph
Future Design
Rainfall under
Climate Change
1.2
Discharge
(m^3/s)
Hydrological
Model
Climate Change
Current Climate
T
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Economics of Climate Change in
Southeast Asia (ECC_SEA)
ADB, April 2009

Focus on Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and
Vietnam, and concluded that the region, vis-àvis CC is




Analysis using climate change and economic
modeling were drawn for


Highly vulnerable
Among the regions with the greatest need for
adaptation – critical to reduce the impact
Has great mitigation potential
Water resources, agriculture, forestry, coastal and
marine sectors and health sectors
Provided further analysis on adaptation and
mitigation options and policy responses
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
ECC-SEA on water resources
ADB, April 2009

Under the A1F1 scenario pptn is projected to



Decrease in the 1st half of the century but
Increase by the end of the century
With strong variation, between March and May
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
ECC-SEA on water resources
ADB, April 2009
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
ECC-SEA on water resources
ADB, April 2009
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
ECC-SEA on water resources
ADB, April 2009
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
ECC-SEA on water resources
ADB, April 2009
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
ECC-SEA on water resources
ADB, April 2009
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
CC Projection on Malaysia by NAHRIM

Used CGCM1 spatial grid resolution at 410 km
grid: IPCC recommended projection at scale to
below 10 km grid for regional and watershed
using detail to


Provide identification of more profound details
Regional Hydroclimate Model of Peninsular Malaysia
(RegHCM-PM)

downscale from CGCM1 current and future
climate data, at resolution (410km), to spatial
resolution (9km) for Peninsular Malaysia.
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Summary of Monthly Precipitation
West
Coast
Klang
Selangor
Terenggau
Kelantan
Pahang
Perak
Kedah
Johor
Historical
600.0
436.2
564.1
1271.2
929.7
633.6
722.9
626.7
591.7
Future
560.3
601.3
525.7
1913.9
1128.5
684.6
767.8
705.3
538.2
Diff.
-39.7
165.1
-38.4
+642.7
+198.8
+51.0
+44.9
+78.3
-53.5
(%)
-6.6
+37.8
-6.8
+50.6
+21.4
+8.0
+6.21
+12.5
-9.0
Historical
179.2
190.1
190.2
289.0
221.8
198.5
192.9
173.6
187.3
Future
176.2
182.3
180.9
299.0
239.5
208.4
199.4
176.6
180.0
Diff.
-3.0
-7.8
-9.3
+10.0
+17.7
+9.9
+6.5
+3.0
-7.3
(%)
-1.7
-4.1
+4.9
+3.5
+7.9
+4.9
+3.4
+1.7
-3.9
Historical
12.4
12.8
12.2
33.6
15.4
24.5
9.0
2.1
13.3
Future
7.9
5.9
8.3
14.0
10.9
16.6
4.1
1.1
5.2
Diff.
-4.5
-6.9
-3.9
-19.6
-4.5
-7.9
-4.9
-1.0
-8.1
(%)
-36.3
-53.9
-32
-58.3
-29.2
-32.2
-54.4
-50
-60.9
Sub-region Name
Maximum
Monthly
Precip
(mm)
Mean
Monthly
Precip
(mm)
Minimum
Monthly
Precip
(mm)
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Future Rainfall



More extreme hydrological conditions may be
expected
More floods anticipated: An increase up to
51% in maximum monthly rainfall over the
North East Coastal region
More droughts/dry years from modeling
output:


2028, 2029, 2034, 2042 and 2044
A decrease in minimum monthly rainfall over
central and south Selangor (-32%) & Johor (61% )
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Summary of Monthly Flows
Klang
Selangor
Dungun
Kelantan
Historical
31.2
107.9
398.4
1535.1
1697.4
523.7
307.4
82.7
Future
45.8
108.5
569.5
1950.7
2176.6
578.2
340.0
94.0
Diff.
+14.6
+0.6
+171.1
+415.6
+479.2
+54.5
+32.6
+11.3
(%)
+46.8
+0.6
+42.9
+27.1
+28.2
+10.4
+10.6
+13.7
Historical
14.4
40.7
93.4
535.9
669.6
286.4
105.6
32.7
Future
13.3
37.5
98.3
601.7
718.1
299.7
104.0
31.8
Diff.
-1.1
-3.2
+4.9
+65.8
+48.5
+13.3
-1.6
-0.9
(%)
-7.6
-7.9
+5.2
+12.3
+7.2
+4.6
-1.5
-2.8
Historical
2.6
7.1
13.1
158.4
156.3
183.6
25.3
9.8
Future
3.5
0.5
10.8
125.8
122.7
139.2
5.3
6.8
Diff.
+0.9
-6.6
-2.3
-32.6
-33.6
-44.4
-20
-3
(%)
+34.6
-93.0
-17.6
-20.6
-21.5
-24.2
-79.1
-30.6
River
Maximum
Monthly
Flows
(cms)
Mean
Monthly
Flows
(cms)
Minimum
Monthly
Flows
(cms)
Pahang
Perak
Muda
Johor
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Future River Flow



Future monthly flows - the maximum monthly
flows will be significantly higher (+11% to +43%)
for Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang and the
minimum monthly flows significantly lower (-31%
to -93%) for Selangor and Johor
An increase in inter-annual and intra-seasonal
variability with increased hydrologic extremes
(higher high flows, and lower low flows) in
Kelantan, Pahang, Terengganu and Kedah
watersheds
Expect more severe floods and droughts
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Simulated Monthly River Flow
Periodic Means and Standard Deviations
34
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Summary of Monthly Air Temperature
West Coast
Klang
Selangor
Terengganu
Historical
28.9
27.7
27.7
28.2
28.0
28.3
Future
30.7
29.7
29.5
29.9
29.6
29.9
Increase
1.8
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.6
% Increase
6.2%
7.2%
6.5%
6.0%
5.7%
5.7%
Historical
27.3
26.5
26.4
25.5
25.3
26.1
Future
28.6
27.9
27.8
26.8
26.5
27.4
Increase
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.3
% Increase
4.7%
5.3%
5.3%
5.1%
4.7%
5.0%
Historical
24.9
24.8
24.7
21.9
21.0
22.8
Future
26.2
25.5
25.4
23.1
22.4
24.1
Increase
1.3
0.7
0.7
1.2
1.4
1.3
% Increase
5.2%
2.8%
2.8%
5.5%
6.7%
5.7%
Subregion Name
Maximum
Monthly
Air Temp
(deg C)
Mean
Monthly
Air
Temp
(deg C)
Minimum
Monthly
Air
Temp
(deg C)
Kelantan
Pahang
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Identifying vulnerability
Focus on water
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in
ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
State of Water Resources Management
(SWRM) in ASEAN, October 2005

The study provided






Analysis on the statistics and information on water
quantity & quality in terms of future significance for
future water resources policy development, strategic
planning and management
Analysis of the potential impact of extreme events on
water resources and the environment
An overview of key governance and capacity building
issues to water resources management
A compendium of hydrological statistics for ASEAN
Member countries
These are generally overviews, provided by
member countries
Provided list of adaptation strategies for Climate
Change by member countries in Appendix 2
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
SWRM in ASEAN, October 2005 –
On major challenges

Shift in climatic patterns


Consequences of climate extremes


Highlighted potential impacts of CC
Control greenhouse gases


Sensitized that climate could intensify floods and
droughts
Sensitized that GHGs are increasingly being
released and stabilizing it will demand a major
effort
Improve technological skills and information

Responding to these extreme events were
hampered by a host of exclusion factors eg lack of

Trained personnel, early warning systems, training and
knowledge and financial capacity
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
SWRM in ASEAN, October 2005 –
On Reducing vulnerability

Diagnostic Studies


Telemetry



A telemetry system in all countries.
Pilot project and best practices in forecasting to be given
by Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand
Training & CB on the use of CC Models



That included parameters related to vulnerability and risks
from extreme events
The need for member countries to develop regional
cooperation and provide exchange of information and
sharing of experiences
Study CC potential impacts through better prediction
models & the need to use global climate models to build
local models
Capacity building (CB) in IWRM

Introduced IRBM more vigorously to ensure planning is
done in an integrated manner
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
SWRM in ASEAN, October 2005 –
10 ASEAN Strategic Plan of Actions on Water Resources Management
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Demand Management Learning Forums
ASEAN IWRM Country Strategy Guidelines
River Classification Systems
ASEAN Water Data Management and Reporting System Design
Risks and Impacts from Extreme Events in ASEAN Member
Countries
Knowledge Sharing and Exchange
Exchanging Information and Creation Awareness in a Structured
Basis between Peak Bodies
Integrated Land Use Planning
Increasing Long Term Awareness, Knowledge and Community
Participation in Integrated Water Resource Management
Education on Sanitation and Pollution Management
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Moving forward
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in
ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Moving Forward



There are much that has been said on appropriate
and agreed strategies
Much more are needed to be done & implemented
To move forward - policy makers may need to have
a macro overview and understanding of related
topics such as

The systemic interaction of land and water resources

To move forward with IRBM implementation


For agriculture, an overview of the 3 agriculture production factors;
land, soil and crop
Why CC Change projections are needed

to indentify CC Vulnerabilities and Risks and to build resilience
of local communities
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
The Water Cycle
We are
surrounded
by a
continuum of
water systems,
merging with
each other
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Systemic interaction of land and
water resources

The river Basin



Is land and water
Catchment/watershed of the rainfall that forms
the river flowing through
Connected – any changes within the basin, may
impact the rest



Upstream activities will affect downstream areas;
and visi-versa
Same water source for all economic activities
planned; need to think water reallocation
The river is the same water channel that provide
sustenance and where waste water is drained into
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Systemic interaction of land and water
resources

The river Basin



Is land and water
Catchment/watershed of the rainfall that forms
the river flowing through
Connected – any changes within the basin, may
impact the rest



Upstream activities will affect downstream areas;
and visi-versa
Same water source for all economic activities
planned; need to think water reallocation
The river is the same water channel that provide
sustenance and where waste water is drained into
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
The River Basin
46
From Carlos Tucci
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Singapore river basins
Singapore Island approx 800 km sq
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Putrajaya
Putrajaya Catchment, Sg Chuau Catchment, is a
tributary of Langat River System
From: Perbadanan Putrajaya
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
River Basin - A geographical physical unit
Sungai Kelang River Basin
Local Authorities: 8
Area, A: 1425 km2
Ave Rainfall, R: 2500 mm
50% of total Runoff: 50% A x R
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Damansara River Sub-Catchments
Klang River
Basin, Malaysia
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
EDD ESCAP Watershed projects

Piloting small water shed
management projects

River Sering, Brantas River, Indonesia





Public, Private and Community initiatives
Use local materials – stones, bamboos, wood, etc –
wherever possible
Train community to install and maintain
To be replicated in other sub-basins
Kumbung river, DPRK


Training of officers in Bangkok
Demonstration project in Kumbung river
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Brantas river Basin

Sereng River –
tributary of
Kanto River
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
ESCAP/Jasa Tirta1 Sereng River Basin
Community Watershed Project
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Identifying vulnerabilities


Better identification are required and this
can be through CC projections
CC projections




On a shared regional basis
Current model projections may not be sufficient
to provide required confidence level
If each member country provide for one modeling
initiative, then there will be at least 10 models
The cost of modeling is so much cheaper if
compared to the cost of impacts and the
rehabilitation required
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Model Schematization Nesting 1st Domains
1. 1st domain is longitudes span
from East 91o-114o and its
latitudes span from 5o S to 15o
N.
2. 1st domain has 23 x 24 grids
and a grid resolution of 81 km,
which covers a region of 1863
km x 1944 km
3. RegHCM-PM is nested into the
First
Generation
Coupled
General Circulation Model of
the Canadian GCM (CGCM1)
4. CGCM1 provides the initial
fields and boundary conditions
to the RegHCM-PM, and then
the CGCM1 simulation results
are downscaled to the region
of Peninsular Malaysia through
several nesting procedures.
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Model Schematization Nesting 1st Domains
1. The grid layout for the 1st
domain of the RegHCMPM under Mercator
projection. GTOPO30 DEM
of the region is overlaid on
the outer domain grids.
2. Regional Hydroclimate
model (RegHCM) of
Peninsular Malaysia was
run first with its initial and
boundary conditions
provided from CGCM1
global historical
atmospheric simulation
data at 1st domain,
covering the whole
Peninsular Malaysia region
and the surrounding areas
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Model Schematization Nesting
2nd and 3rd Domains
1. The 2nd domain with 34 x 37 grids
and a grid resolution of 27 km,
which covers a region of 918 km
x 999 km, is nested within the
center of the 1st domain.
2. The inner domain (the 3rd
domain) is nested within the
center of the 2nd domain & has
64 x 76 grids at a grid resolution
of 9 km, and covers a region of
576 km x 684 km.
3. The 3rd domain is the inner
domain of the updated RegHCMPM, which encompasses the
entire Peninsular Malaysia and
covers a part of Thailand in the
north, Singapore in the south,
and a part of Indonesia in the
southeast.
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Case Study – Sg. Muda Basin, Kedah
(IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FLOOD MITIGATION
INFRASTRUCTURES)
N 6.2833°
E 100.3333°
E 101.1667°
N 5.2500°
58
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Moving On for Agriculture

Immediately

Optimise water that will be available for agriculture, in an
urbanised world (going from 70-30 to 30-70)



Medium term


through field water management with respect to the plant
physiology
Well planned and implemented, it will not only improved the
environment but will result in high yields
Look/research for adaptive crop varieties that do not
consume too much water and can withstand increasing
temperature
In the long term

Migrate from the current economy to a low carbon economy,
even for agriculture

Identify options and green growth migration path
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
Germination, growth and development
of the rice plant
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3
Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011
THANK YOU
Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in
ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011