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“Climate Change and Water in Southeast Asia" Salmah Zakaria Energy Security and Water Resources Section Environment Development Division UN ESCAP, Bangkok Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Key Messages The region faces multiple water challenges: Climate Changes exacerbate these challenges, particularly as more than 90% of climate change impacts are on water related sub-sectors 70 to 90% of water resources in SEA (except for Singapore and Brunei) are use for agriculture: rapid urbanization is changing this equation In a world with limiting natural resources, a paradigm change in national development approach that will ensure continued sustainable development is required Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Water Challenges in Asia Pacific Multiple Challenges in water sector Governance Location and Climate Increasing water scarcity threat, High water utilization, Deteriorating water quality, Poor access to drinking water, Poor access to sanitation, Ecosystem deterioration etc Flood-prone areas, Cyclone-prone areas, Droughtprone areas, / Climate change risk, ESCAP Water Hotspots Map 2010 With Climate Changes All challenges will be exacerbated Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Key Messages The region faces multiple water challenges: Climate Changes exacerbate these challenges, particularly as more than 90% of climate change impacts are on water related sub-sectors 70 to 90% of water resources in SEA (except for Singapore and Brunei) are use for agriculture: rapid urbanization is changing this equation In a world with limiting natural resources, a paradigm change in national development approach that will ensure continued sustainable development is required Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 UN Population Division Estimates http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/indicator_detail.cfm?IndicatorID=30&Country=MY Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision UNDESA Population Division File 2: Percentage of Population Residing in Urban Areas by Major Area, Region and Country, 1950-2050 Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Key Messages The region faces multiple water challenges: Climate Changes exacerbate these challenges, particularly as more than 90% of climate change impacts are on water related sub-sectors 70 to 90% of water resources in SEA (except for Singapore and Brunei) are use for agriculture: rapid urbanization is changing this equation In a world with limiting natural resources, a paradigm change in national development approach that will ensure continued sustainable development is required Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Green Growth – Sustainable development De Boer - National Geographic News, Published November 26, 2010 the green growth stimulus packages of China and Korea, clearest signal of what is to come Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Water-food-energy nexus in Asia Arjun Thapan, Special Senior Advisor (Infrastructure and Water) for the Asian Development Bank. ManilaJakarta Post: Thu, 10/07/2010 10:35 AM | Opinion About 80 percent of accessible freshwater in Asia is used for agriculture; the rest is drawn by energy, industry, and domestic use Water for bio-fuels is beginning to compete with water for agriculture self-evident relationship between water, food, and energy corners of a triangle with politics and emotion at its center - Tony Allan, a Stockholm Water Prize laureate the correlation is apparent, real, and increasingly complex to manage an early warning system, to act now for sustaining Asia’s water future Efficiency gains in water use will be the new paradigm Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Human Development Index and Domestic Material Consumption per capita, 1995 and 2005 Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Outline of presentations Impact of Climate Change on Water Identifying vulnerability Moving forward Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Impact of Climate Change on Water Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Bubbles of GHGs emissions per capita in 2006 Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 10 Major Impacts of Climate Change 1: Destruction of Ecosystems 2: Loss of Biodiversity 3: Conflicts and War 4: Economic Consequences 5: Disease 6: Drought 7: Storms and Floods 8: Heat Waves 9: Shrinking Glaciers 10: Rising Sea Level Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Climate Change Became significant with more significant release of GHGS from energy used, deforestation, production of biomass, agroindustrial products, etc Start ?? - Industrial revolution of 18th Century Followed now – lifestyle change, including urbanisation Mostly in the North Everywhere: The South brings with it huge population, while seemingly following similar development foot-paths Impact from Climate Change affect all particularly the most vulnerable and least resilience majority of which are in the developing world Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Hot Spots of AP future impacts and Vulnerabilities- AR4 IPCC Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 How Climate Change Impact Water Direct Impact affecting the water cycle due to changes to precipitation and evaporation cycle, pattern Indirect Impact Migration: people moved In search of food – arid areas In search of safer place – floods, sea level rise Changing patterns of consumption Food product and life style changes Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Significance of Climate change to water systems Significant change in quantity of flow, will affect Shifting rainfall patterns, between 1-2 weeks Design sizing of infrastructure; culverts, bridges, canals, dams, etc Existing operations and maintenance: water related systems floods, water supply, irrigation etc Affect planting season; harvesting should not meet floods! Droughts need to be avoided Affect reservoir fillings, draw-downs, operations & maintenance Other general operations and maintenance of water infrastructure and systems Extreme and recurring floods and droughts Health implication Social and economic activities Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Araki & Koike, 2008 Ratio of Daily 10year Probable Rainfall between now and 50 years later (according to A1B scenario), from 17 models IPSL-CM4 MIROC3.2(hires) GFDL-CM2.0 CGCM3.1(T63) CCSM3 MIROC3.2(medres) GFDL-CM2.1 CSIRO-Mk3.0 ECHAM5/MPI-OM ECHO-G GISS-AOM MRI-CGCM2.3.2 CNRM-CM3 PCM INM-CM3.0 CSIRO-Mk3.5 CGCM3.1(T47) Average=1.2 (from 17 models) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 1.6 1.8 Araki & Koike, 2008 Design Rainfall Current Design Rainfall 1 Design Hydrograph Future Design Rainfall under Climate Change 1.2 Discharge (m^3/s) Hydrological Model Climate Change Current Climate T Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Economics of Climate Change in Southeast Asia (ECC_SEA) ADB, April 2009 Focus on Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam, and concluded that the region, vis-àvis CC is Analysis using climate change and economic modeling were drawn for Highly vulnerable Among the regions with the greatest need for adaptation – critical to reduce the impact Has great mitigation potential Water resources, agriculture, forestry, coastal and marine sectors and health sectors Provided further analysis on adaptation and mitigation options and policy responses Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 ECC-SEA on water resources ADB, April 2009 Under the A1F1 scenario pptn is projected to Decrease in the 1st half of the century but Increase by the end of the century With strong variation, between March and May Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 ECC-SEA on water resources ADB, April 2009 Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 ECC-SEA on water resources ADB, April 2009 Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 ECC-SEA on water resources ADB, April 2009 Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 ECC-SEA on water resources ADB, April 2009 Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 ECC-SEA on water resources ADB, April 2009 Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 CC Projection on Malaysia by NAHRIM Used CGCM1 spatial grid resolution at 410 km grid: IPCC recommended projection at scale to below 10 km grid for regional and watershed using detail to Provide identification of more profound details Regional Hydroclimate Model of Peninsular Malaysia (RegHCM-PM) downscale from CGCM1 current and future climate data, at resolution (410km), to spatial resolution (9km) for Peninsular Malaysia. Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Summary of Monthly Precipitation West Coast Klang Selangor Terenggau Kelantan Pahang Perak Kedah Johor Historical 600.0 436.2 564.1 1271.2 929.7 633.6 722.9 626.7 591.7 Future 560.3 601.3 525.7 1913.9 1128.5 684.6 767.8 705.3 538.2 Diff. -39.7 165.1 -38.4 +642.7 +198.8 +51.0 +44.9 +78.3 -53.5 (%) -6.6 +37.8 -6.8 +50.6 +21.4 +8.0 +6.21 +12.5 -9.0 Historical 179.2 190.1 190.2 289.0 221.8 198.5 192.9 173.6 187.3 Future 176.2 182.3 180.9 299.0 239.5 208.4 199.4 176.6 180.0 Diff. -3.0 -7.8 -9.3 +10.0 +17.7 +9.9 +6.5 +3.0 -7.3 (%) -1.7 -4.1 +4.9 +3.5 +7.9 +4.9 +3.4 +1.7 -3.9 Historical 12.4 12.8 12.2 33.6 15.4 24.5 9.0 2.1 13.3 Future 7.9 5.9 8.3 14.0 10.9 16.6 4.1 1.1 5.2 Diff. -4.5 -6.9 -3.9 -19.6 -4.5 -7.9 -4.9 -1.0 -8.1 (%) -36.3 -53.9 -32 -58.3 -29.2 -32.2 -54.4 -50 -60.9 Sub-region Name Maximum Monthly Precip (mm) Mean Monthly Precip (mm) Minimum Monthly Precip (mm) Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Future Rainfall More extreme hydrological conditions may be expected More floods anticipated: An increase up to 51% in maximum monthly rainfall over the North East Coastal region More droughts/dry years from modeling output: 2028, 2029, 2034, 2042 and 2044 A decrease in minimum monthly rainfall over central and south Selangor (-32%) & Johor (61% ) Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Summary of Monthly Flows Klang Selangor Dungun Kelantan Historical 31.2 107.9 398.4 1535.1 1697.4 523.7 307.4 82.7 Future 45.8 108.5 569.5 1950.7 2176.6 578.2 340.0 94.0 Diff. +14.6 +0.6 +171.1 +415.6 +479.2 +54.5 +32.6 +11.3 (%) +46.8 +0.6 +42.9 +27.1 +28.2 +10.4 +10.6 +13.7 Historical 14.4 40.7 93.4 535.9 669.6 286.4 105.6 32.7 Future 13.3 37.5 98.3 601.7 718.1 299.7 104.0 31.8 Diff. -1.1 -3.2 +4.9 +65.8 +48.5 +13.3 -1.6 -0.9 (%) -7.6 -7.9 +5.2 +12.3 +7.2 +4.6 -1.5 -2.8 Historical 2.6 7.1 13.1 158.4 156.3 183.6 25.3 9.8 Future 3.5 0.5 10.8 125.8 122.7 139.2 5.3 6.8 Diff. +0.9 -6.6 -2.3 -32.6 -33.6 -44.4 -20 -3 (%) +34.6 -93.0 -17.6 -20.6 -21.5 -24.2 -79.1 -30.6 River Maximum Monthly Flows (cms) Mean Monthly Flows (cms) Minimum Monthly Flows (cms) Pahang Perak Muda Johor Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Future River Flow Future monthly flows - the maximum monthly flows will be significantly higher (+11% to +43%) for Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang and the minimum monthly flows significantly lower (-31% to -93%) for Selangor and Johor An increase in inter-annual and intra-seasonal variability with increased hydrologic extremes (higher high flows, and lower low flows) in Kelantan, Pahang, Terengganu and Kedah watersheds Expect more severe floods and droughts Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Simulated Monthly River Flow Periodic Means and Standard Deviations 34 Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Summary of Monthly Air Temperature West Coast Klang Selangor Terengganu Historical 28.9 27.7 27.7 28.2 28.0 28.3 Future 30.7 29.7 29.5 29.9 29.6 29.9 Increase 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 % Increase 6.2% 7.2% 6.5% 6.0% 5.7% 5.7% Historical 27.3 26.5 26.4 25.5 25.3 26.1 Future 28.6 27.9 27.8 26.8 26.5 27.4 Increase 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 % Increase 4.7% 5.3% 5.3% 5.1% 4.7% 5.0% Historical 24.9 24.8 24.7 21.9 21.0 22.8 Future 26.2 25.5 25.4 23.1 22.4 24.1 Increase 1.3 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.4 1.3 % Increase 5.2% 2.8% 2.8% 5.5% 6.7% 5.7% Subregion Name Maximum Monthly Air Temp (deg C) Mean Monthly Air Temp (deg C) Minimum Monthly Air Temp (deg C) Kelantan Pahang Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Identifying vulnerability Focus on water Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 State of Water Resources Management (SWRM) in ASEAN, October 2005 The study provided Analysis on the statistics and information on water quantity & quality in terms of future significance for future water resources policy development, strategic planning and management Analysis of the potential impact of extreme events on water resources and the environment An overview of key governance and capacity building issues to water resources management A compendium of hydrological statistics for ASEAN Member countries These are generally overviews, provided by member countries Provided list of adaptation strategies for Climate Change by member countries in Appendix 2 Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 SWRM in ASEAN, October 2005 – On major challenges Shift in climatic patterns Consequences of climate extremes Highlighted potential impacts of CC Control greenhouse gases Sensitized that climate could intensify floods and droughts Sensitized that GHGs are increasingly being released and stabilizing it will demand a major effort Improve technological skills and information Responding to these extreme events were hampered by a host of exclusion factors eg lack of Trained personnel, early warning systems, training and knowledge and financial capacity Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 SWRM in ASEAN, October 2005 – On Reducing vulnerability Diagnostic Studies Telemetry A telemetry system in all countries. Pilot project and best practices in forecasting to be given by Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand Training & CB on the use of CC Models That included parameters related to vulnerability and risks from extreme events The need for member countries to develop regional cooperation and provide exchange of information and sharing of experiences Study CC potential impacts through better prediction models & the need to use global climate models to build local models Capacity building (CB) in IWRM Introduced IRBM more vigorously to ensure planning is done in an integrated manner Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 SWRM in ASEAN, October 2005 – 10 ASEAN Strategic Plan of Actions on Water Resources Management 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Demand Management Learning Forums ASEAN IWRM Country Strategy Guidelines River Classification Systems ASEAN Water Data Management and Reporting System Design Risks and Impacts from Extreme Events in ASEAN Member Countries Knowledge Sharing and Exchange Exchanging Information and Creation Awareness in a Structured Basis between Peak Bodies Integrated Land Use Planning Increasing Long Term Awareness, Knowledge and Community Participation in Integrated Water Resource Management Education on Sanitation and Pollution Management Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Moving forward Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Moving Forward There are much that has been said on appropriate and agreed strategies Much more are needed to be done & implemented To move forward - policy makers may need to have a macro overview and understanding of related topics such as The systemic interaction of land and water resources To move forward with IRBM implementation For agriculture, an overview of the 3 agriculture production factors; land, soil and crop Why CC Change projections are needed to indentify CC Vulnerabilities and Risks and to build resilience of local communities Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 The Water Cycle We are surrounded by a continuum of water systems, merging with each other Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Systemic interaction of land and water resources The river Basin Is land and water Catchment/watershed of the rainfall that forms the river flowing through Connected – any changes within the basin, may impact the rest Upstream activities will affect downstream areas; and visi-versa Same water source for all economic activities planned; need to think water reallocation The river is the same water channel that provide sustenance and where waste water is drained into Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Systemic interaction of land and water resources The river Basin Is land and water Catchment/watershed of the rainfall that forms the river flowing through Connected – any changes within the basin, may impact the rest Upstream activities will affect downstream areas; and visi-versa Same water source for all economic activities planned; need to think water reallocation The river is the same water channel that provide sustenance and where waste water is drained into Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 The River Basin 46 From Carlos Tucci Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Singapore river basins Singapore Island approx 800 km sq Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Putrajaya Putrajaya Catchment, Sg Chuau Catchment, is a tributary of Langat River System From: Perbadanan Putrajaya Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 River Basin - A geographical physical unit Sungai Kelang River Basin Local Authorities: 8 Area, A: 1425 km2 Ave Rainfall, R: 2500 mm 50% of total Runoff: 50% A x R Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Damansara River Sub-Catchments Klang River Basin, Malaysia Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 EDD ESCAP Watershed projects Piloting small water shed management projects River Sering, Brantas River, Indonesia Public, Private and Community initiatives Use local materials – stones, bamboos, wood, etc – wherever possible Train community to install and maintain To be replicated in other sub-basins Kumbung river, DPRK Training of officers in Bangkok Demonstration project in Kumbung river Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Brantas river Basin Sereng River – tributary of Kanto River Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 ESCAP/Jasa Tirta1 Sereng River Basin Community Watershed Project Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Identifying vulnerabilities Better identification are required and this can be through CC projections CC projections On a shared regional basis Current model projections may not be sufficient to provide required confidence level If each member country provide for one modeling initiative, then there will be at least 10 models The cost of modeling is so much cheaper if compared to the cost of impacts and the rehabilitation required Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Model Schematization Nesting 1st Domains 1. 1st domain is longitudes span from East 91o-114o and its latitudes span from 5o S to 15o N. 2. 1st domain has 23 x 24 grids and a grid resolution of 81 km, which covers a region of 1863 km x 1944 km 3. RegHCM-PM is nested into the First Generation Coupled General Circulation Model of the Canadian GCM (CGCM1) 4. CGCM1 provides the initial fields and boundary conditions to the RegHCM-PM, and then the CGCM1 simulation results are downscaled to the region of Peninsular Malaysia through several nesting procedures. Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Model Schematization Nesting 1st Domains 1. The grid layout for the 1st domain of the RegHCMPM under Mercator projection. GTOPO30 DEM of the region is overlaid on the outer domain grids. 2. Regional Hydroclimate model (RegHCM) of Peninsular Malaysia was run first with its initial and boundary conditions provided from CGCM1 global historical atmospheric simulation data at 1st domain, covering the whole Peninsular Malaysia region and the surrounding areas Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Model Schematization Nesting 2nd and 3rd Domains 1. The 2nd domain with 34 x 37 grids and a grid resolution of 27 km, which covers a region of 918 km x 999 km, is nested within the center of the 1st domain. 2. The inner domain (the 3rd domain) is nested within the center of the 2nd domain & has 64 x 76 grids at a grid resolution of 9 km, and covers a region of 576 km x 684 km. 3. The 3rd domain is the inner domain of the updated RegHCMPM, which encompasses the entire Peninsular Malaysia and covers a part of Thailand in the north, Singapore in the south, and a part of Indonesia in the southeast. Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Case Study – Sg. Muda Basin, Kedah (IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FLOOD MITIGATION INFRASTRUCTURES) N 6.2833° E 100.3333° E 101.1667° N 5.2500° 58 Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Moving On for Agriculture Immediately Optimise water that will be available for agriculture, in an urbanised world (going from 70-30 to 30-70) Medium term through field water management with respect to the plant physiology Well planned and implemented, it will not only improved the environment but will result in high yields Look/research for adaptive crop varieties that do not consume too much water and can withstand increasing temperature In the long term Migrate from the current economy to a low carbon economy, even for agriculture Identify options and green growth migration path Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 Germination, growth and development of the rice plant Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011 THANK YOU Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 Countries, Beijing, China, 29-31 March 2011