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The Romans ► ROMAN REPUBLIC Roman Mind ►pietas – piety: honor the gods loyalty to family & state ►gravitas – sense of seriousness ►dignitas – dignity: moderation ►virtus – manliness: demonstrate courage ►mutual ►Other service to the state dependence – patron/client – loved organization, sports obsessed with questions of law and order Origins of Roman Republic ►Legend of Aeneas Son of Aphrodite Charged with creating a new Greek city away from Greece Creates a new city on the Tiber River Romulus & Remus ►Son of Mars ►Thrown into Tiber by an uncle ►Brought up by a wolf ►Decided to build a city together ►Quarreled Remus was killed The Facts ►Began as a small village along Tiber River ►Latium – central location in Italian peninsula ►7 hills among which it was located provided defense ►Period of monarchy (753-509BC) King Senators (Council of Elders) Patricians ►Aristocracy/wealthy landowners Plebeians ►Everyone else – 90% of the population ►Free but no political power ►Open to foreigners - including other “Italians” ►Citizenship based on military service, which required property ownership Plebeians w/ enough $ could join the military but not become officers ►Gradually republic ►The transformed from monarchy to last 3 kings of the Roman monarchy were Etruscan Etruscans ►Immigrants from Asia Minor or descendants from earlier Italians ►highly civilized & prosperous ►women given much higher status than Greek or Roman women (kept their own names, could attend athletic contests) ►Culture ►Ruled reflected Greek influence Rome from 616-509BC ► The Roman Republic - Structure Last Etruscan king overthrown in 509BC ►Theory about King Tarquin & his cruelty ►Rebellion led by the Patricians Three Branches of Government ►1. Executive Consuls (chief commanders) ► 2 elected each year by Assembly ► Served for one year then became a Senator Magistrates ► Quaestors – census takers ► Aediles – kept order; public buildings ► Praetors - judges ►2. Legislative – Assemblies (2 of them) Elected consuls and lower magistrates Voted on laws & treaties ►3. Senate (Deliberative) – had the most power Senator for life (no term limits) (300 of them) Advised magistrates Controlled the budget Elders and patricians ►Dictators In times of emergency 6-month term of office Held accountable for actions as dictator ► Formation of the Roman Republic Plebeians vs. Patricians ►Bulk of the army ►Merchants, farmers, craftspeople ►Wanted participation in the government; a say in what happens to them ►Used force to get more rights 494BC – allowed to have 10 tribunes (representatives of the people) in the Senate ►Could veto decisions of consul and Senate ►Only served for one year 471BC – given their own assembly ►To draft requests on issues they felt were important ►For rest of government to make into law 449BC – 12 Tablets ►New law code – for all people ►Located in the forum of Rome (center of city) 367BC – Licinian-Sextan laws ►Plebeians could hold any office within government ►One of the consuls must be a plebeian (and then senator after end of term 287BC – Hortensian Law ►Laws passed by the Plebeian Assembly were binding on all people in the state ROMAN CULTURE ► Life and Religion Household (familia) ►Nuclear family – family, slaves, animals, property ►Legal head of the family – oldest male relative ►Wives had much responsibility within the family – running household domestic affairs, caring for children, etc. more freedom than in Greek society Patron/client relationship ►Network of relationships ►Patron financially supports the client ►Client owed services to patron ► Religion Nature gods – early Roman society ►Local gods of household, fields, weather, etc. Anthropomorphic gods (Greek influence) ►Jupiter (like Zeus) ►Juno (like Hera) MARS Minverva NEPTUNE VENUS ► Republican Reasons Expansion – 3 Stages ►Greed, Ambition, Fear of Invasion, Growing Population Stage 1 – Uniting the Peninsula King Pyrrhus Stage 2 – Defeat of Carthage (Punic Wars) ►1st Punic War - Conquest of Sicily Rome develops a navy ►2nd Punic War – Defeat of Hannibal Siege of Rome General Scipio ►3rd Punic War – Final Destruction of Carthage Stage 3 – Conquest of Mediterranean By 146BC – Rome had subjected the entire Mediterranean world to its will Italy, Spain, Southern Gaul, North Africa, Egypt, Greek world Consequences of Expansion ►New Classes Equestrian (war profiteers) Optimates (Patricians & their supporters) Populares (Plebeians) ►Influx of Greeks into Rome – influence of Greek culture ►Expansion of Roman Legal System ►Increased corruption & taste for luxury ►Women Situation for many improved More opportunities Overall Rome became more prosperous, but at the expense of the lower classes ► Collapse of the Republic Growing territorial concerns ►Tried to govern an expanding area with government that focused on local issues Wealth became more important than original Roman values that made them successful Growth of slave class & crisis in agriculture ►Small farmers displaced ►Hannibal had destroyed much of the agriculture outside the city of Rome Gracchi Revolution ►Two brothers who attempted to reform Rome in favor of the poor ►Tried to go through political/government channels to enact changes ►Senate responded to these attempts with violence One brother assassinated Second brother killed by the Senate Led to other uprisings and rebellions ►Resulted in various individuals seizing control Ruling as sole rulers ► Julius Caesar Enacted reforms ►Lowered taxes ►Gave land to veterans ►Calendar w/ 365 ¼ days Ruling classes afraid of his power (Role in helping Cleopatra) ►15 March 44BC Ides of March Stabbed by 60 Senators Marks the final stages of the Republic ►Antony & Cleopatra ►Octavian Roman Empire – Rise & Fall ► Octavian - First emperor (r. 27BC-14AD) “Restored” the Republic Called himself “First citizen” (princeps) City & peninsular improvements Allowed traditional customs in provinces & selfrule in provinces Reorganized the Senate ► PAX ROMANA (AD 14 – 161) A. Tiberius (AD 14-37) ►Ruled wisely B. Caligula (AD 37-41) ►Insane (practiced grimaces) ►ordered golden statue of himself in Jewish temple ►created a new cult to himself C. Claudius (41-54) ►Wanted to correct damage done by earlier emperors ►Ruled fairly ►poisoned - probably by his wife Agrippina CALIGULA CLAUDIUS NERO D. Nero (AD 54-68) ►Mentally deranged ►Paranoid ►burning of Rome E. Period of emperors who either ruled well or didn’t cause too much trouble F. Marcus Aurelius (AD 161-180) ►reign marked by frequent strife ►financial problems b/c of warring ►chose his son, Commodus, to succeed him **End of the Pax Romana** MARCUS AURELIUS COMMODUS ►DECLINE OF ROMAN EMPIRE Trouble in the Empire ►Internal unrest ►Social & Economic weakness ►Cultural Stagnation & Rise of Religions ►Problems w/ Rulers Commodus Lack of stable leadership (26 soldier-emperors 235-285; 25 killed) Diocletian Constantine Germanic Invasions Final Defeat of the Roman Empire ►Germanization of western part of the empire Power had shifted to the Eastern part of the Empire German tribes settling on Roman soil ►Invasions and migrations Visigoths – forced into the area as Huns moved west ► 410 – sacked the city of Rome ►418 – given permission to settle in Southern Gaul Huns – Mongols from plains of Central Asia ► Militaristic & nomadic ► 452 – marched into Italy Other Attacks 455 – Vandals pillaged Rome 476 – Last of the western Emperors was deposed by the Germans