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World History Unit 3: Ancient Rome – Republic to Empire and Historical Christianity Map of Ancient Rome (from 117 AD) SPQR Senatus Populusque Romanus Rome as a Republic 509 BC to 24 BC Romulus and Remus • Legendary orphan brothers – raised by a she-wolf • Legend says they’re sons of the god of war: Mars • founded Rome in 753 BC • Romulus killed Remus over jealousy and rage • Legend is central to Roman sense of self – inside every Roman citizen will be the legacy of both the wolf and a murderer. Romans will take these traits with them wherever they go. Romulus and Remus True story behind the founding of Rome • Etruscans and Latins – two tribes on the Italian peninsula • Latins founded the town of Rome (date unknown) • Etruscans settled in the lands surrounding the city • Series of wars raged for centuries between the two groups. • 509 BC – Last Etruscan king is deposed – Senate is founded and the Republic Established Senate in Rome Citizens of Rome Patricians and Plebeians • Patricians – Wealthy families of Rome – Only about 5% of the free population (25% of the population was enslaved) – Position based on birth – passed from father to son – Very patriarchal – led by the oldest male of the household – Controlled the Senate through money and power • Plebeians – Lower / working class citizens of Rome – About 95% of the free population of Rome – Entitled to rights and privileges due all citizens – Formed the basis of Roman society – Eventually fought to gain more control from the patricians – Will become the “commoners” of European society Expansion of the Republic in Italy (509 BC to 264 BC) • Rome immediately began to expand from the eternal city • Mostly by military conquest • Conquered regions (such as Tuscany and Napoli) were granted citizenship rights as long as they swore loyalty to the Senate • Really established a “Roman” Italy • Set the pattern – everyone could be Roman • By 264 – the Italian peninsula from the alps to the tip of the boot was under Senate control Punic Wars – Rome vs. Carthage • Three Punic Wars (Punic – Latin for Phoenicia– Carthage had been a Phoenician colony) – First Punic War – over Sicily – Rome and Carthage about equal strength – Rome wins and takes Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica – Second Punic War – attack by Carthage – Hannibal takes elephants through the Alps – Romans win at Zama and Carthage is reduced to a second rate power – Third Punic War – attack on the city of Carthage by Rome – unprovoked – Carthage destroyed – citizens sold into slavery or massacred – salt dumped to prevent resettlement Map of the Med at the beginning of the Punic Wars Legacy of the Punic Wars • • • • • Rome expands off the Italian peninsula Citizenship brought to non-Italians Resistance is Futile Roman drive to Empire Local Autonomy – decentralized government – Roman Procurator – taxes, administration of Roman justice and keeping the peace – Local Officials (different forms in each province) – administration of local / provincial laws and help keep the peace by working with Roman officials Roman Lands after the Punic Wars Corruption in the Republic • Over the years, the Senate became more and more corrupt • Senators began to serve themselves instead of the people • As the republic expanded, the Senate lost touch with the provinces, mostly due to the difficulty of communication • Eventually factions tore the Senate into different warring camps – each faction had a rival mercenary (privately paid) army • Roman Army – by 50 BC was fighting to expand the republic in Gaul (France) under Julius Caesar Julius Caesar – First among equals • Roman General in command of the Army in Gaul • Under orders from the Senate in 50BC to expand the republic • When civil war broke out in Rome, he decided to take the army (against orders) to the gates of Rome • He’s wildly popular with both the soldiers in his army and the people at large • 49 BC – Caesar takes Rome – tells the Senators to get back to work – it’s only temporary • 46 BC – Caesar has himself declared “dictator for life” by the Senate • March 15, 44 BC – Caesar assassinated on the steps of the Senate Roman Civil War • Octavian vs. Marc Anthony and Cleopatra – Octavian • Julius Caesar’s nephew • named by Caesar as successor • Controlled about ½ the army (because of his uncle) – Marc Anthony • Caesar’s highest ranking general and best friend • Gave one of the most memorable speeches of all time when Caesar died (immortalized 1500 years later by Shakespeare) • Refused to follow Octavian – he loved Cleopatra • Controlled about ½ the Roman Army – Cleopatra • Pharaoh of Egypt (not Egyptian, but rather Greek – legacy of Alexander the Great’s conquest of Egypt in the 4th century BC) • Married to Julius Caesar and had a son with him • After Caesar’s death – sided with Anthony against Octavian Roman Civil War – part 2 • Lasted 20 years (44 BC to 24 BC) • Control eventually swung to Octavian • Anthony committed suicide by falling on his sword before he was captured • Cleopatra was captured – while under arrest she committed suicide by having an asp brought to her by servants – within minutes of the snakebite, she was dead • 24 BC – Octavian becomes first emperor of Roman Empire and is granted the title of “Augustus Caesar” – he will bring stability and order to the empire Augustus Caesar • First Among Equals (first emperor) • Hero of the people because of his link to Julius Caesar • Rules for 41 years with an iron fist, but brings stability and order to Roman Empire • Ushered in a period of peace and prosperity (Pax Romana) for the empire • Ended most of the corruption and reformed the tax code • Massive construction projects • Reported to have said that he “found Rome brick and left it marble” • Instituted a census of the empire in 4BC (Roman year 505) Pax Romana • Period of relative peace and stability from 24 BC to 180 AD • Time of expansion in the empire • Mostly good emperors – they thought more about the empire then themselves • Citizenship expanded and major internal improvements took place across the empire • Stability and peace allowed for the expansion of Christianity (went along Roman roads that were protected by Roman soldiers) Biblical vs. Historical Christianity Historical Christianity – part 1 (birth of Jesus) • 4BC – Augustus orders a census of the empire • Israelites were required to return to their family home city • Records from Bethlehem, Judea show a Joseph (a carpenter) and Mary (his wife) of Nazareth with an unnamed newborn son • Biblical story appears to match Roman records Historical Christianity – part 2 (Death of Jesus) • Jewish and Roman records from 26 AD (Roman year 535) speak of a new rabbi – Jesus of Nazareth and his growing movement • 29 AD – Jesus arrested (by Jewish leaders) and executed (by the Romans) • INRI -- IESVS NAZARENVS REX IVDAEORVM (Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews) • Students should take notes from the movie Spread of Early Christianity • Peter – apostle who, according to biblical sources, was appointed to lead the Church by Christ himself (he’s thus the first “pope”) – Jesus was the fulfillment of the Jewish promise of a messiah, so one had to be Jewish first in order to accept Christianity – Church spread very slowly under his leadership – Most Jews refused to accept Jesus as a messiah Bringing Christianity to the Gentiles • Paul – Originally named Saul – Educated Jew from Tarsus, Anatolia (modern Turkey) – Persecuted Christians – According to Christian tradition, while Saul was on the way to Damascus, Syria he met the risen Christ and had an immediate conversion – Brought Christianity to the nonJews (Gentiles) of the empire – Tradition says he walked 8000 miles around the empire establishing Churches – Wrote letters back to the Churches (some of them are in the Bible) Paul’s Journeys around the Empire (37 AD to 67 AD) Fall of Rome Internal problems External Threats • Spread of Christianity • Bad Emperors • Size of the Empire • Lack of Communication • Shift of culture to the East • Atilla – the Scourge of God • Huns on Europe’s doorstep • Germanic Invasions – Anglo/Saxons – Franks – Visigoths – Ostrogoths Internal Issues within the Empire • • • • • Christianity as a cancer Lack of communication Size of the Empire Commodus sends empire down the toilet Attempt at a solution – Diocletian and Constantine – Creation of the Byzantine Empire • Fall of Western Rome Christianity as a Cancer to Rome • Christianity spread among lower classes and women – the hook was salvation in the afterlife • Slaves picked up on it • At first Rome didn’t really care • Problem – Citizens must pray to the emperor’s god for the health of the empire • Christians refused – that’s treason against Rome • Thousands were executed • Emperor Nero’s bar-B-Que parties • As the new religion continued to spread, citizens began to identify themselves with Christianity, not with Rome. This shift took away a fundamental pillar of Roman society. Diocletian Split the Empire in 285 AD and appointed a subemperor in Byzantium Constantine the Great • Had a battlefield conversion to Christianity and soon after made Christianity a legal religion in the Empire • Moved the imperial capital from Rome to Byzantium in 306 AD • Renamed the capital after himself – Constantinople • Eastern Rome will thus be known as the Byzantine Empire – will last until 1453 AD External Invasions caused Rome’s Collapse • Attila and the Huns – Scourge of God – Fierce warriors from Asia – In Russia by about 300 AD (bad timing) • Germanic Invasions – Anglo/Saxons – Franks – Ostrogoths – Visigoths Attila and the Huns Germanic Invasions by 476 Germanic Invasions • Franks • Anglo/Saxons – Invade Gaul – Invade Britannia – Adopted Christianity very – Anglo-land (becomes England) quickly – Brought Germanic language to – Strong bond between Franks Britain (became Old English) and the institutional church • Ostrogoths – Defended Christianity against – Finally settle on Iberian the Muslim invasion of Western Peninsula (today’s Spain and Europe Portugal) – adopted • Visigoths Christianity – Invaded Italy – Will be kicked out during the – Captured Rome in 476 AD and Muslim invasions of the 7th forced the last sub emperor century from the throne Western Europe after 476 AD • Medieval kingdoms – decentralized governments and lack of trade • Decline in the cities • Strong institutional Church • Pope as the most powerful man in Europe • “Dark Ages” – 476 AD to 1400 AD