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ROME The Republic The Empire The Origins of Rome 3 founding groups Latin shepherds Greek colonies Etruscan settlements Geography Excellent location Built on the Tiber River Mountainous Mid-point of Italian peninsula Center of Mediterranean Sea Roman Religion Polytheistic Blending of Greek and Roman religions Social Organization Family Gravitas (seriousness) Role of fathers was important Role of women was less important Classes Patricians - upper class, wealthy landowners Plebeians - lower class, farmers, artisans and merchants Rome had a balanced government *form of democracy called a republic *written law code: the Twelve Tables Monarchy- consuls Democracy- Election of Senators Aristocracy- Dictatorship Senate -crisis times The plebeians made progress toward equality. Tribunes of the “Plebs’ – 10 elected officials to represent the plebeians in the Senate – Were granted veto power Twelve tables - codified the laws Citizens’ Assemblies – More democratic form of government – All adult, Roman males could attend and vote Punic Wars Carthage vs. Rome Control of trade in Mediterranean Three separate wars Rome ultimately won but was weakened Lead to rise of proletariat Julius Caesar Military/government leader, gained popularity and power Tried to save the Republic Made many reforms – Grants citizenship, expands senate, creates new jobs, starts colonies, increased pay for soldiers, Became dictator for life, 44 B.C.E. People fear his growing power Assassinated by group of senators Republic collapses at his death The Roman Empire 1st emperor, Octavian (Caesar’s nephew) Ruled as Emperor Augustus for 41 years Created a strong government Civil service Many problems after his death Succession crisis religion Contributions of the Roman Empire Pax Romana: 207 years of peaceful rule Engineering – Aqueducts – Complex sewer system – Thermal baths – Series of highways – Coliseum The Rise of Christianity Based on the teachings of Jesus Spread rapidly through empire Christians persecuted Fall of the Roman Empire Economic Problems - three sources of prosperity ended (trade, plunder, farms) Military Problems - Goths over ran legions, soldiers fought for money not patriotism Political Decay - officials were no longer loyal to Rome Social Decay - loss of loyalty for government Weakened empire falls after Barbarian attacks (the Huns)