Download Rome November 30th - HRSBSTAFF Home Page

Worksheets
• Students are to read
Pages 163 to 178 in
their Echoes textbook
and complete the
handout of
Definitions, Identify
and Q&A
• Worksheet on Roman
Vocabulary
Geography Of Ancient Rome
Italian Peninsula
100 Miles Wide
700 Miles Long
It looks like a highheeled boot with
the
toe aimed at Sicily.
Po Valleylow land
between
the Alps
and the
Apennines
Tyrrhenian
Sea
Adriatic Sea
Apennines
Rangeruns from
the north
to the
south
of Italy
Mediterranean Sea was the ancient world’s highway for trade,
communications and invasion
Geography
• How did the geography aid the growth of
Rome?
– Mild Climate
– Fertile Soil
– Water for agriculture
– Assess to the Mediterranean on Tiber River
– 7 Hills afforded protection from attack
Romulus & Remus:
Legendary twin brothers who founded Rome
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The ancient Romans loved to hear the story of Romulus and Remus. In their
eyes, this story explained why Rome had the right to rule.
According to the legend, Romulus and Remus justified their right to rule because
their mother was a princess and their father was the war god Mars.
The legend of Romulus and Remus .....
Rhea was married to Mars, the Roman god of war. Rhea had twin sons. She
loved her boys, but there were plots afoot by other gods and goddesses to harm
her father, herself, her husband, and her children. To protect the boys, she set
them adrift on the river, hoping someone would find them. Who would not love
such beautiful boys?
Sure enough, first they were found by a she-wolf who fed them. Then a
shepherd and his wife adopted the boys.
As the twins grew older, they decided they did not want to take care of sheep.
They wanted to be kings. They decided to build a city on the shores of the Tiber.
They both wanted to be the only king. They quarreled. In a fit of rage, Romulus
picked up a rock, killed his brother, and made himself king.
That’s how Rome started.
Worksheets
• Students are to
complete the
worksheet on the
Foundations of Rome
• Students are to
complete the
worksheet on the
Romulus & Remus
The Etruscans
The
Land
of the
Etruscans
The Etruscans
• Nearly 3000 years ago, a tribe of people called the Latins
(People from central Europe who migrated to Italy)lived in a
small village on the Tiber River. This village grew to become
the famous city of Rome.
• Around 900 BCE, a mysterious group of people arrived on
the Italian peninsula. Nobody knows where they come from,
but archaeologists believe they probably arrived from Asia
Minor. These were the Etruscans.
• The Etruscans must have known the Greeks. Their alphabet
was based on the Greek alphabet. Their gods looked like
humans, just like the Greek gods. But the Etruscans were
not Greeks. From the artifacts they left behind, scientists are
fairly certain that in the Etruscan culture, women and men
were fairly equal in status. That was certainly not the Greek
way of life.
The Etruscans
• The Etruscans organized their towns into city-states,
each ruled by a king. The city-states worked together in
a league - the Etruscan League. The league began to
trade with people in the east and people along the
African coastline. Their trade routes included the tiny
village on the Tiber River. Even in very early times,
Rome was a busy place. The early Romans (the Latins)
learned a great deal from the Etruscan traders.
• While the Etruscans were building their own civilization,
the city of Rome grew more powerful. Soon, Rome was
a center of trade and commerce. Some of Rome's early
kings were Etruscans.
The Etruscans
• Why were the Etruscans important in the history of
Rome?
– They contributed many gifts in the areas of architecture,
engineering, metal working & farming.
– They taught the Romans how to do the following:
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Construct buildings with arches
Build aqueducts to carry water
Make better weapons
The art of warfare
To drain marshes for expansion
Grow grapes for wine-making
Grow olive trees for olive oil
Etruscan Writing Tablet
Etruscan Cemetery
Etruscan Funeral
& Tomb
Etruscan Tomb
Wall &
Tomb Fresco
THE AFTERLIFE
http://www.italyfarmhousesrental.com/etruscan/cerveteri.htm
http://www.maghar.hu/etruszk/kep/CerveteriBanditacchiaKurg%E1n.jpg
Interior of an Etruscan Tomb
Sarcophagus of an
Etruscan Couple
Etruscans
• They ruled Rome and all of
Italy with Kings (monarchy)
• These rulers came from a
family called Tarquin
• There were rivalries within the
family
• 509 B.C.E. Tarquin the Proud
murdered the king and
declared himself tyrant.
• Tarquin the Proud was
overthrown by the Romans,
who set up a Republic.
Worksheets
• Go over answers to
Etruscan worksheet
The Republic
• Republic = Form of government in which elected
representatives of the people govern.
• Under the Republic, two (2) elected consuls shared the head of
government. Consuls were members of the Senate, who had been
elected to serve for a one year term in the position of Consul, the
highest position in government under the Republic. The consuls most
important power was that they controlled the army. They had Imperium
power. Each consul had the power to veto (means I forbid) the other,
therefore, they both had to agree before acting. In times of crisis, the
senate replaced the consuls with a dictator for 6 months. The dictator
could make decisions, but could not change laws.
• Consul = Roman official & lawmaker chosen from the
patrician class
• Imperium = Supreme Authority in ancient Rome
• Veto = Power to stop an act of government officials
• A dictator = Ruler with absolute power
The Republic
• Roman Legislature:
– Senate
– Assembly of Centuries
– Assembly of Tribes
The Republic
• The Senate was composed of leaders from the
patricians, the noble and wealthy families of
ancient Rome. They were the law makers. They
controlled spending. Members of the Senate
were not elected. They were chosen by the
Consuls. Once chosen, they served for life.
There were 300 seats in the Senate. When a
seat opened, a new Senator was selected by the
current Consuls.
• Patricians = The patricians were the upper class,
the nobility and wealthy land owners.
The Republic
• The Assembly was composed of all the plebeian
citizens of Rome, the common man. The
Assembly did not have a building. It was the
right of the common man to assemble in the
Forum and vote.
• Plebeians = The plebeians were the lower class.
They were the common people that included
everyone in ancient Rome (except for the
nobility, the patricians) from well-to-do
tradesmen all the way down to the very poor.
• Forum = Religious & Government center of
Rome
The Republic
• Assembly of Centuries
– Made up of patricians
– Directed military matters
• Assembly of Tribes
– Composed of Plebeians who represented the 35 tribes into
which Rome was divided.
– Tribunes = Roman officials in the Assembly of Tribes, elected by
Plebeians. 10 Tribunes a year. They could veto any act or
measure of the Senate, the assemblies or government officials
The Republic
• In the beginning, the Assembly had very limited power.
They could vote for or suggest laws, but the Senate
could block their decisions. The Assembly could vote to
declare war, but again, the Senate could override them.
• However, the Assembly had one power that was very
impressive - it was the Assembly who voted each year
on which two members of the Senate would serve as
Consuls. As a noble, if you wanted to rise to the level of
Consul, the highest position in government under the
Republic, you needed to gain the support of the plebeian
class. Since it was the Consuls who filled empty seats in
the Senate, if the Assembly chose their Consuls well,
they could slowly gain power in government by putting
people in charge who were sympathetic to their needs.
The Republic
• Some members of the Assembly became quite powerful in
government in their own right. Some tradesmen were very
wealthy. There is an old expression - money talks - which
means the rich seem to be heard more easily than the poor.
• In ancient Rome, certainly money talked, but so did those who
had the power of speech. The Romans loved a great orator.
When the Assembly met, down at the Forum, many speeches
were going on at the same time. One speaker might say,
"Rome's roads need repair!" Another speaker might say, "We
need to stop crime in the streets." If you wanted your speech
to have an impact, it did not matter how rich or poor you were.
What mattered was how persuasive you were as a speaker.
• Praetors = Judges that interpreted the law.
• Censors = counted the people and determined the taxes
The 12 Tables
Set of laws carved in bronze and placed in the
Forum.
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Although many things changed, and much improved, women, children, and slaves
were still not citizens of Rome. They had no voice in government. Only adult free
Roman men were citizens.
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But, things did improve under the Republic. About 50 years after the Roman
Republic was formed, the leaders of the Republic wrote down many of the old
laws, to make sure everyone understood them. History refers to this group of laws
as "The Twelve Tables" because the written laws were organized into 12
sections.
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These laws talked about property, crime, family, theft, marriage and inheritance. It
does not really matter what they said, although the laws did try to be fair. What
matters is that these laws were written down. They were engraved on tablets of
metal and put on display at the Forum in the city of Rome, so that everyone could
see them.
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Each law applied to every Roman citizen, be he rich or poor. That was a huge
change for the better!
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The major legal divisions were civil law and criminal law.
Some laws in the 12 Tables
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If you are called to go to court, you must go. If you don’t show up, you can be taken to court
by force.
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If you need a witness to testify and he will not show up, you can go once every three days and
shout in front of his house.
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Should a tree on a neighbor's farm be bend crooked by the wind and lean over your farm, you
may take legal action for removal of that tree.
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If it's your tree, it’s your fruit, even if it falls on another man’s land.
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A person who had been found guilty of giving false witness shall be hurled down from the
Tarpeian Rock.
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No person shall hold meetings by night in the city.
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A dead man shall not be buried or burned within the city.
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Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians. (As time went on, this
law was changed. When the tables were first written, this was the law.)
The Forum
• The Forum was the main
marketplace and business center,
where the ancient Romans went to do
their banking, trading, shopping, and
marketing. It was also a place for
public speaking.
• The ancient Romans were great
orators. The job of their orators was
not to argue, but to argue
persuasively!
• The Forum was also used for festivals
and religious ceremonies.
Worksheets
• Students are
complete the
worksheet
Government-The
Republic
•
There were many thousands of Roman gods, and the gods lived everywhere - in
trees, under a bush, by the side of the road, in a burrow, in a flower, in a stream,
under the bed, and perhaps in the stove in your house. In ancient Rome, everything
had a spirit in charge of it.
•
Temples: There were impressive temples all over the Roman Empire. Every day, the
ancient Romans brought offerings of meat and other items to at least one nearby
temple, and usually more than one temple.
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Household Gods: Each home had a personal household god that kept things
running smoothly at home. Some ancient Romans kept a whole room of their house
for a grand display to honor their household god. Others had a small display
somewhere in the kitchen. Whenever the ancient Romans prepared a meal, they ate
it in honor of the household god.
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New Gods: Not all of the gods that the ancient Romans worshiped were originally
Roman gods. The Romans did a lot of traveling as they expanded their empire. Each
time the Romans heard a myth about a god or goddess or spirit or deity from the
people they met (and conquered), if they liked it, they adopted it and made it their
own. When they heard about the Greek gods - they adopted them all! The Roman
changed many of the Greek god names to Roman names. Zeus became Jupiter.
Hera was renamed Juno. But the Romans left their personalities intact, along with
their position, and all of the myths and legends.
Worksheets
• Students are to
complete the
following worksheets
while going through
the next 2 slides.
– Roman Gods &
Goddess
– The Name Game
Gods & Goddesses
• Apollo = god of the sun, light and music
• Ceres = was the goddess of Harvest
• Cupid = was the god of love.
He had a bow and arrow to shoot
people and make them fall in love.
• Minerva = was the goddess of wisdom.
• Pluto = was lord of the dead
• Bacchus = was the god of wine, life, hospitality, and wild things
• Janus = The two headed god, with one face looking at the future and
the other looking at the historical past
Gods & Goddesses
• Jupiter = was the most powerful of the gods.
Should he have to bring
order, he would hurl a thunderbolt
• Neptune = the lord of the sea, was the brother of Zeus
• Mars = was the god of war
• Venus = was the goddess of love and beauty
• Juno = Was Jupiter’s wife and the goddess of marriage, children, and the
home
• Mercury = the messenger of the gods
Growth
• A province was a geographic
area outside of Italy, ruled by
Rome. Provinces were
countries or regions that Rome
had conquered.
• Rome had many provinces.
Each was valuable to Rome.
Rome's provinces provided
manpower, taxes, food and
other resources. They also
acted as a barrier between
Rome and lands controlled by
barbarians.
• The provinces were connected
to Rome by a series of Roman
roads. All roads led to Rome.
Roads
• There is an old expression, "All
roads lead to Rome." In
ancient Rome, Rome was the
heart of the empire. Each time
a new city was conquered, a
road was built from that city
back to Rome.
• Roads were built in straight
lines. Many had gutters. Along
the side of road, the Romans
built road signs called
milestones. Milestones did not
give any information about
other towns in the
area. Milestones told how far it
was back to Rome.
Growth
• Faced Danger:
– The Gauls (now France &
Belgium) crossed the Alps
– Brenner Pass is named after
their leader and it is one of
the most important links
between Italy & the rest of
Europe.
• Sicily:
– Became Rome’s
breadbasket as it supplied
thousands of tonnes of grain
The Punic Wars
Punic Wars
• A long time ago, when Rome was a Republic, a big fight broke out
between Rome and Carthage. Carthage was an ancient city-state in
North Africa, about 300 miles from Rome. Carthage and Rome had
never liked each other, but they had, for the most part, left each
other alone in the past. Both cities were busy building empires of
their own. Carthage had grown into a huge empire. Carthage had a
strong army, a strong navy, and a strong government.
First Punic War
• One day, Rome took a good look at how big Carthage was getting.
The problem, as Rome saw it, was that Carthage controlled three
islands off the coast of Italy. That was too close for comfort. Rome
decided that Carthage needed to join the Republic. Carthage
disagreed. Carthage and Rome fought for 20 years. This was the
first Punic War. Nobody won. After 20 years of fighting, all they had
accomplished was to kill a lot of people and to cause a lot of hatred.
• To end the fighting, Carthage offered Rome a deal. Carthage said:
“If you’ll go away and leave us alone, we’ll give you the island of
Sicily.” Rome took the deal. They also took Sardinia and Corsica,
the other two islands off the coast of Italy.
• Carthage was furious. But they were tired of fighting Rome.
Carthage decided to fight Spain instead, and make up the land they
had lost there. The general took his army and his nine-year-old son,
Hannibal, and left for Spain. Before he left home, he made his son
swear that as soon as he was old enough, Hannibal would fight the
Romans and make them pay for all the lives they had cost. Hannibal
promised. That was the beginning of the legend of Hannibal, military
genius.
Hannibal
• Over the next several years, while fighting in Spain, Hannibal
learned to be a strong leader. His Dad and his men had taught him
well. But mostly, he was naturally tricky. Hannibal won most of his
battles by coming up with clever ideas.
• One time, while fighting at sea, Hannibal had his men dump barrels
full of live snakes onto the deck of an enemy ship. The enemy had
not expected Hannibal to do that. They weren’t prepared to fight
snakes. Hannibal won that battle easily.
• A few years after his Dad died, the soldiers in Spain chose him to be
their new general. He was only 26 years old at the time. Hannibal
did not hesitate. He took the job, married a Spanish princess, and
started wars with several cities in Spain. His plan was to conquer all
of Spain.
The Second Punic War
• One of the cities he attacked happened to be good
friends with Rome. Rome decided to lend a hand. But
Rome did not send help to Spain. They declared war on
Carthage, Hannibal’s hometown and the center of the
Carthage Empire.
• That was fine with Hannibal. He had never forgotten the
promise he had made to his father. He had orders from
Carthage to fight Rome. He needed to take Rome by
surprise. He decided to attack Rome from the north.
Rome would never expect that. Hannibal’s plan was to
march 90,000 foot soldiers, 12,000 cavalry, and 37
elephants from Spain, through Gaul, over the Alps, into
Italy, and then take Rome by force.
The Second Punic War
• His plan did not work as expected. The route was more
rugged that he had expected. He lost nearly all his
elephants and half his men on the trip. He expected
people in Northern Italy to help him. They did help him
by leaving him alone, but they would not join his army.
Carthage did not have a strong navy to use to send
supplies.
• Hannibal came up with a new plan. Instead of marching
on Rome, he drove Rome crazy by attacking smaller
outposts and stealing food and weapons, food intended
for Rome. Hannibal and his men stayed on the Italian
peninsula for 15 years, causing trouble where he could.
The Second Punic War
Battle at Zama
• In 203 BCE, Rome had had it with Hannibal. They couldn’t catch
him, so they attacked Carthage instead. Carthage, in a panic, called
Hannibal home. Before Hannibal could arrive, Carthage had agreed
to peace terms with Rome.
• Terms:
– Carthage would leave Spain, Gaul, and Italy
– Carthage would reduce their navy to 20 warships
– Carthage had to pay 5000 talents (the money of the time) in war
damages
• Once Hannibal arrived home, the leaders in Carthage changed their
minds. They decided not to honor their peace terms. Rome was
furious. They sent an army to Carthage. Hannibal’s army lost, but
Hannibal managed to get away. If possible, Rome was even more
furious. Carthage had not kept their promise. Again. Rome still did
not have their hands on Hannibal.
The Second Punic War
•
This time, the peace terms were more severe. Terms:
– Carthage would leave Spain, Gaul, and Italy
– Carthage would reduce their navy to 10 warships
– Carthage had to pay 10000 talents (the money of the time) in war damages, in 50 equal
annual payments, over the next 50 years.
•
Carthage called it quits. They left Spain. They left Gaul. They left Italy. They
reduced their navy. They paid the talents they owed each year, promptly. The 2nd
Punic War was finally over. Rome completely destroyed Carthage and sold the
people into slavery. Carthage became a Roman province.
•
That did not stop Hannibal, though. Hannibal spent the rest of his life fighting the
growing power of ancient Rome. The Romans never stopped looking for him. In
spite of all their best efforts, the Romans did not catch up with Hannibal until he
was 64 years old! Even then, they didn’t get him. He chose to die by swallowing
the poison he kept in his ring.
•
Hannibal still ranks as one of the most magnificent military minds in history and
one of the world’s greatest generals.
The Punic Wars
• What Role did the Punic Wars play in the
history of the Republic?
– Gave Rome control of the Western
Mediterranean, including Spain
– Opened the way for Roman conquest of the
Eastern Mediterranean
Eastern Expansion and its
Consequences
• Rome attacked Cornith in 146 B.C.E and
plundered the city.
– When they took the wealth and treasures of
this city, they began a love of luxury in their
own city.
• Rome established colonies where there
was no existing population. After the
construction of the first paved road, The
Appian Way, colonies were planted
throughout the Italian peninsula.
The Gracchus Brothers
• Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus were patrician
brothers who supported land redistribution
• Tiberius believed that Rome’s basic
problem was the condition of its farmers
and landless plebeians, including soldiers.
• He tried to persuade the Senate to give
land to the landless, but the Senate had
him put to death.
• Gaius took up his brother’s cause, but
ended up killing himself because of the
Senate.
Citizenship in Italy
• A full Roman citizen was protected in
Roman civil law
• A child born to a Roman citizen was also a
Roman citizen if the father had the legal
right to marry the mother
• They enjoyed favourable tax status and
were exempted from paying tribute to Italy
• Any slave freed by a Roman citizen was
himself automatically a Roman citizen.
Worksheets
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History 10 Assignment
Paying Tribute
Prepare an obituary for
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus.
An obituary tries to concisely
capture the personality and
major achievements of the
deceased.
In the obituary, be sure to
assess the role of the
Gracchus brothers in bringing
about change in the Roman
Republic.
This must be typed!