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World History Chapter Five The Roman World Takes Shape Geography • Rome is located on the Western side of Italy in the Mediterranean Sea • Italy is not broken up with mountains like Greece is…it lends itself to a growing population with a good climate and good soil Early Rome • • • • Latin's – settled in Italy along the Tiber river Ancestors of the Romans They were herders and farmers Romulus and Remus – Twin brothers – founded Rome on seven hills • Brothers said to of divine origins – from a Latin woman and the god Mars – giving the Romans the idea they were divine Etruscans • Lived in Italy along with the Latin's • Lived north of Rome • Not sure where they came from (Asia Minor, the Alps) but they controlled most of central Italy • Romans learned a lot from the Etruscans • Merged their gods and goddesses Republic • Romans defeated the Etruscans and drove them away in 509 B.C. • Republic – “res publica” that which belongs to the people • People chose some of the officials • Romans believed this would stop an individual from gaining to much power Senate • Senate – most powerful body of government in Rome • 300 members made up of Patricians – landholding upper class • Senators served for life • Senators nominated two consuls every year to supervise the government and the military • Consul – could only serve one term Senate • Consuls had to approve each others decisions • Rome had checks and balances. How? • If war broke out then a dictator would be named by the senate • Dictator would have complete control over the government for six months • Cincinnatus Plebians • Plebians – farmers, merchants, artisans, traders, bulk of the population, little influence • Pushed for more representation and won the right to elect their own officials called tribunes • Tribunes could veto – block – laws that could hurt the plebians • Senate eventually was opened to the Plebians • Laws of the Twelve Tables – Plebians could appeal judgments of patrician judges Women • Could own property, run businesses • Most women worked at home, raising families, spinning, weaving • Patrician women went to public baths, dined out, attended theater with husbands Children • Boys and girls from upper and lower classes learned to read and write • Greeks were hired to tutor wealthy families • Rhetoric was an important skill taught to boys seeking a career in politics Religious • Polytheistic – adapted from the Greeks • Mars – god of war • Had feasts and celebrations for the gods all throughout the year • Most joined in, creating a sense of unity and community • Temples all throughout Rome with statues of gods Roman Army • Success of Rome was due to its great army • Legion – basic unit of the Roman army – 5,000 men • Citizen-soldiers – fought unpaid, supply own weapons – like Greece had done • Started receiving a stipend but largest reward was their share in the spoils after a victory Army • Roman citizens were raised with the values of loyalty, courage, and respect for authority • This helped to make them good soldiers • Commanders mixed rewards and punishments • If they performed well they were praised and given gifts • If they fled – one of every ten men was put to death Conquered People • Treated its enemies fairly • Enemies had to acknowledge Rome, pay taxes and supply soldiers • Could continue to rule themselves • Some became full citizens or partial citizens – let them marry Romans and trade in Rome • Rome posted soldiers all throughout the conquered lands – built roads to connect territory