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Ancient Rome
Republic to Empire
The Roman Republic
People of Italy
Latins
Phoenicians/Greeks
Etruscans
Phoenicians/Greeks
Attributes include:
• Excellent sailors
• World traders
• Learned the alphabet
and taught it to their
trade partners
Etruscans
Attributes include:
● Building of city walls,
engineering of the
Forum, and construction
of a sewer system
to the Tiber River
● Temples built and
decorated Etruscan
style
● Class system
● Religious beliefs
The Republic
• Starts in 509 BC
• Citizens had the right to elect their leader
(unless you were a slave or woman)
• Leader ruled in the name of the people
• Policy lasts for over 500 years
Class System
Patricians
Plebeians
Slaves
=
=
=
=
A group of wealthy land
owners
=
Common people. Farmers,
artisans, small merchants
=
Prisoners of war,
plebeians in too much
debt. Not Citizens and
could not vote!
Early Roman Government
Patricians
Elected to office
Led by
2 Consuls
Praetors
Senate
Foreign and Domestic Policies
Served 1
year total
Led the
Army
In charge
of civil law
Enforced the
laws of Rome
Controlled
the Army
Had Veto
Power
Treasury
Government
Early Roman Government
Plebeians
The Popular
Assembly
Approved by
Patrician consuls
Had very little
power
The Roman Army
Participants:
- Patricians at
first
- Later, patricians
and plebeians
would serve
Threats:
- Etruscans and
Gauls
Weapons:
- Javelins, slings, spears,
and swords
Legions: (6,000
soldiers)
- Each legion divided into
smaller units
Plebeians Want Changes!
Plebeians want to fight in wars
and they want more rights.
So…
Composed
of Roman
Army
The Great
Divide
Centuriate
Passed
Laws
Elected
Consuls
Chose the
Censor
The
Assembly
of
Centuries
Plebeians
Council of
Plebs
The
Assembly
of Tribes
10 elected
tribunes to
speak for
them
1. Always
Patricians
2. Registered
the population
for voting and
taxing
1. First
written law
code
2. Posted in
the Forum
Refused to
fight
without
more rights
Composed
of Roman
Army
The Great
Compromise
Centuriate
Passed
Laws
Council of
Plebs
The
Assembly of
Centuries
The
Assembly of
Tribes
(Patricians)
(Plebeians)
Elected
Consuls
Chose the
Censor
Registered
people for
voting and
taxing
Marriages
between
plebeians and
patricians okay
now
Allowed to be
consuls and
members of
senate
10 elected
tribunes to
speak for
them
Tribunes
had veto
power now
Allowed to
pass laws
The Roman Family
(Men)
Large Families
Larger Army
Rewards
=
=
Bachelors
Penalties given
=
Roman
Fathers
Taught their
children
Sold
children into
slavery
Abandoned
infants
(History)
Extremely
strict
Wealthy
men were
educated
The Roman Family
(Women)
Rights
Social Roles
-They were citizens
-They could testify in court
-They could not vote or hold office
Later:
-They could own property
-They could create their own will
-Shared in household decisions
-Supervised children and slaves
- Could attend public festivals
and the theater
Religion
Polytheistic
– worshipped many gods
Vesta
Jupiter
Goddess of hearth
Ruler of the Universe
Prayed to daily
Venus
Goddess of love
Mars
God of war
The Expansion of Rome
1st
2nd
Final
Punic
Punic
Punic
War
War
War
- Rome had to keep
up with Carthage’s
strong navy
- Lasted 23 years
on land and water
- Carthage paid to
surrender
- Gave up Sicily,
Sardinia, and
Corsica
- Hannibal’s
revenge
- Lasted only 3
years
- Carthage
marched with
elephants
- Roman
legions
destroyed
Carthage
- Lasted 17 years
- Carthage paid
heavy fine
- Gave up Spain
- Massacred
the people
- Took
Carthage as
their territory
After the Punic Wars
Lands became
provinces headed by
Did not require
people to change
their customs
Governors
Some built roads
and set up
economies
Others accepted
bribes
In charge of tax
collection and
defense
Positive
Effects
Introduced to the Hellenistic
Civilizations (the spread of Greek
culture to the non-Greek lands
conquered by Alexander the Great)
Trade and commerce
(business) increased
Changes
In
Rome
Negative
Small Roman farmers
lost their land
Especially
science
and
medicine
Wealth
accumulated
Paid tributes (forced
payment) of grain
paid in grain
Drove down prices
Farm land bought at
extremely low prices by
wealthy traders
Effects
Poor and landless
people move into
Rome
Mobs formed –
Violence
erupted
Acquired latifundias
(large estates)
Slaves had to work
the land
More farmers had to sell
their land
The Decline of the Republic
The poor, landless, and plebeians
roamed the streets
Poverty
Senate was full of wealthy men not
concerned about the poor
Problems
Gaius and Tiberius
Gracchus
Urged the Senate to:
(Leaders of the Poor)
1. Limit the size of large estates
2. Redistribute land to the poor
3. Settle landless farmers
Led violent revolts
Killed by gangs
of wealthy
nobles
Slaves
Revolt
133 BC – 44 BC)
Senate calls out
legions to stop
the revolts
Changes
in the
Roman Army
Army will include
landowners and
landless soldiers
Landless soldiers
promised loot
(money) by generals
As a result, the
soldiers pledged
more allegiance to
the generals
Civil War develops between two generals
(Lucius Cornelius Sulla &
)
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
VICTOR OF WAR
Abolished law of limited
term for dictator
Generals rule for the
next 40 years in Rome
The First Triumvirate
(Three Man Alliance)
Julius Caesar
Marcus Lucius
Crassus
Many military
victories in Spain
Wealthy General
Ran for Consul
Feared by
Senate, well
liked in Rome
Ruling Rome
by 60 BC
Senate
blocked his
election
Gnaeus Pompey
Successful General
Conquered land in Asia Minor,
Syria, and Palestine
Crassus dies in battle (53 BC)
Caesar
And the
POWER goes
to…
Pompey
Busy battling/winning
land in Gaul and Britain
Getting nervous over
Caesar’s popularity
Pompey orders him to
return to Rome and
break up his legions
Gets the support of the
Senate (49 BC)
Caesar refuses and
marches toward
Rome
Caesar crosses the
Rubicon River (the
final straw)
Pompey declares a
civil war
Pompey’s legions are
crushed
The Rule of Caesar
Cleopatra
Dictator for Life
Won major
campaigns in:
The Middle East
(44 BC)
Gave land to the
poor
Started building
projects
North Africa
Spain
*Admired by the
people
*Pardoned the
senators who
supported Pompey
Gave Roman citizenship to people outside of Italy
Increased
soldier pay
No power given
to the Senate
and Assembly
of Tribes
Introduced the Julian
Calendar (Used
Hellenistic
Astronomy/More
accurate)
Senate called Caesar a tyrrant. Blamed him for
the destruction of the Republic.
Ides of March
“Ides” =
15th day of the months March, May, July,
and October on the Roman Calendar
=
March 15th,
44 BC
=
The day that Julius Caesar was stabbed by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus
=
Civil War to follow