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Julius Caesar
Caesar’s Rise to Power
Caesar Gains Control
• In 60 B.C a military leader named Julius
Caesar joined forces with two men named
Crassus and Pompey.
• In 59 B.C he is elected consul with the help
of his friends and together they dominated
Rome as a triumvirate.
The Rise to Rebellion
• In 58 B.C Caesar steps
down as consul.
• Appoints himself as
governor of Gaul (France).
• Led his men on an eight
year conquest of Gaul.
• Pompey fears Caesar’s
popularity
Caesar Victorious
The Die is Cast
• The Senate, due Pompey’s pleas, ordered
Caesar to disband his army and come back
to Rome.
• Caesar defied the Senate and brought his
army with him.
• After a long struggle Caesar was victorious,
and in 44 B.C. he was made dictator for life.
Caesar’s Reforms
• Governed as absolute ruler
• Granted Roman citizenship to many Roman
Provinces.
• Expanded the Senate.
• Helped the poor by creating jobs and
starting colonies where people without land
could own property.
• Increased pay for soldiers.
Et tu Brute
• On March 15th 44 B.C. Julius Caesar was
murdered on the Senate floor.
• The assassins were led by Marcus Brutus
and Gaius Cassius.
6 Questions
• When was Julius Caesar made counsel of Rome?
• Who were his two supporters?
• What area did Caesar appoint himself governor
and then conquer?
• Why did Pompey become jealous of Caesar?
• What were the reforms of Caesar?
• Who killed him?
The Roman Empire
The Rise and Fall
The Beginning
• After Caesar’s death a civil war broke out
that destroyed what was left of the Roman
Republic.
• Three of Caesar’s supporters banned
together to destroy the assassins.
• They were Octavian, Mark Antony, and
Lepidus. In 43 B.C they took control of
Rome and ruled it for ten years.
The End of the Second
Triumvirate
• After ten year the alliance between the three men
disintegrated.
• First Octavian forced Lepidus to retire.
• After leading a successful campaign against
Rome’s enemies, Antony meets and falls in love
with Cleopatra and followed her back to Egypt.
Octavian then accused Antony of trying to rule
Rome from Egypt and a civil war begins.
Octavian Victorious
• Octavian defeated the combine forces of
Cleopatra and Mark Antony at the Battle of
Actium in 31 B.C. Later Mark Antony and
Cleopatra committed suicide.
• Octavian became the unchallenged ruler of
Rome and eventually accepted the title of
Augustus.
Pax Romana
• Pax Romana,Roman Peace, this began at
the beginning of Augustus rule in 27 B.C.
and lasted to 180 A.D.
• During this time the Roman Empire
spanned 3 million square miles and
numbered 60 to 80 million people.
• About 1 million people lived in the city of
Rome itself.
Rome’s Stable Government
• The Roman Empire held together largely
because of a stable government and able
rulers.
• Augustus was the most able of these
leaders. He stabilized the frontier, built
many public buildings, and set up a system
of government that would last for centuries.
He also set up a civil service.
Rome’s Stable Government and
Economy
• While the Senate still functioned the civil
service administered the empire.
• The civil service was drawn from plebeians
and even former slaves.
• Agriculture was the most important industry
in the Roman Empire.
• Rome also had a vast trading network that
stretched all the way to China
The Good and the Bad
• Good Emperors
• Nerva- began adopting a
heir
• Trajan-empire reached its
greatest extent
• Hadrian- reorganized the
bureaucracy, consolidated
earlier conquest
• Antonious Pius- brought
peace
• Marcus Aureliousbrought economic
prosperity
• Bad Emperors
• Caligula- mentally
disturbed
• Nero- murdered many
and persecuted
Christians
• Domitian- feared
treason so executed
many
The Roman World
• Throughout its history the Rome
emphasized the values of discipline,
strength, and loyalty.
• A person with these characteristics were
said to have gravitas.
• They honored strength more than beauty,
power more than grace, and usefulness mare
than elegance.
Slaves and Captivity
• Slavery was a big part of Roman life. Most
of the slaves were conquered people and
included men, women, and children.
Children born to slaves also became slaves.
• Slaves could be sold, they could be
punished, rewarded, set free, or put to death
as their master saw fit.
Slavery Continued
• Many slaves were treated cruelly by their
masters. They were forced to do hard labor
all day long.
• In some cases the strong healthy males were
forced to become gladiators.
• On some occasions slaves rebelled.
However, none of these slave revolts were
successful.
Religion in the Roman Empire
• The earliest Romans worshiped powerful spirits
known as numina. Closely related to these spirits
were the Lares, who were the guardian spirits.
They gave names to these powerful gods and
goddesses. ( Jupiter and Mars)
• The Romans were expected to worship both at
home and at the public worships held by the priest.
Society and Culture of the
Roman Empire
• During the time of the Empire wealth and
social status made a significant difference.
• The rich spent their money on houses,
gardens, slaves, and luxuries.
• However, most Romans barely had the
necessities of life. Much of the the city of
Rome’s population was unemployed.
Society and Culture Continued
• To support the poor the Empire provided
daily rations of grain.
• The poor lived in small tenements that were
bunched together and were a constant fire
hazard.
• To distract and control the masses the
government of Rome provided free games,
races, mock battles, and gladiator games.
Spread of Christianity
Jesus and the Spread of Christianity
A New Religion
• While religion was important to the Romans
their worship services were often lacked
emotion.
• However, as the empire grew so did an new
religion called Christianity.
• Born as a movement within Judaism, it
emphasized a more personal relationship
with God.
How Rome Came in Contact.
• By 63 B.C. Rome had spread to the
kingdom of Judea. At first Judea remained
independent. Eventually, Rome took
complete control in 6 A.D.
• However, many Jews believed that God
would send a savior to free them from
Roman captivity.
Jesus
• Although the exact date is not known many
believe that Jesus was born between 6 B.C.
and 4B.C.
• He was born in the town of Bethlehem and
raised in the city of Nazareth.
• He was baptized by the prophet John the
Baptist.
Jesus Continued
• At age 30 he began his ministry.
• For the next 3 years he preached, taught, did good
works, and performed miracles.
• He stressed the importance of people’s love for
God, their neighbors, their enemies, and even
themselves.
• He also taught that God would end wickedness an
establish an eternal kingdom for those who
sincerely repented of their sins.
How We Know About Jesus
• Historical records mention very little about
Jesus. The main source of information
about Jesus comes from the first four books
of the New Testament known as the Four
Gospels.
• The gospels were written by Jesus disciples.
These men would later be called the
apostles.
The Death of Jesus
• About 29 A.D. Jesus visited Jerusalem. Here he
was greeted as the Messiah. However, the chief
priest of the Jewish temples said he was teaching
blasphemy.
• The Roman Governor of the district was Pontus
Pilot. He said Christ of defying the Empire. Jesus
was then arrested and crucified. Christians believe
that after three days he arose from the grave.
Paul’s Mission
• Paul was born with the name Saul.
• According to Christian tradition he
underwent a miraculous conversion to
Christianity.
• He then became the major force in the
spread of Christianity.
Jewish Rebellion and the
Diaspora
• In 66 A.D. the Jewish people rebelled
against the Romans.
• In 70 A.D. Romans stormed Jerusalem and
destroyed the Temple.
• The rest of the rebels fled to Masada where
they eventually committed suicide.
• Over a half million Jews were killed during
this rebellion.
Persecution of the Christians
• Christians refused to worship the Roman
pagan gods.
• This was seen as opposition to Roman rule.
• Christians were also used as scapegoats for
the problems of the Empire.
• By the second century A.D. Pax Romana
crumbled and persecution of the Christians
intensified.
Persecution Continued
• Christians were killed by the thousands.
• This was done by crucifixion, burning, or
being killed by wild animals.
• Despite this Christianity grew into a
powerful force.
• Many regarded those Christians that were
murdered as martyrs.
Constantine
• The critical moment in the spread of
Christianity occurred in 312 A.D.
• At this time the Roman emperor was
battling his political rivals.
• Before the Battle of Milvian Bridge, he
prayed for divine help.
Help Arrives
• Constantine then supposedly saw a vision of the
cross.
• He ordered that the cross be put on all his soldiers
shields. Constantine then went on to win the
battle.
• The next year Constantine orders the end of the
persecution of the Christians. Then in the Edict of
Milan declares Christianity to be one of the
dominate religions of the Empire.
The Beginning of the Roman
Catholic Church
• In 380 A.D. emperor Theodosius made
Christianity the official religion of the
Empire.
• By this time the Christians had given
themselves a structure similar to how the
Roman Empire had a hierarchy.
Catholic Church
• The pope was the head of the Church.
• According to the Catholic Church the first
pope was Peter.
• The pope is also the bishop of Rome.
• A bishop is a priest who is over several
churches.
• Rome became the center of the Church.
A Single Voice
• In an attempt to stop conflicts over doctrine,
Church leaders tried to set a single standard
of belief.
• This single standard later became known as
the Bible.
• The Nicene Creed solidified the teachings
of the Catholic Church.
Review For Test
• Name the two brothers that according to legend
founded Rome.
• Why was Rome really built?
• What was the name of the hill the first Roman
settlement was built on?
• What three groups of people settled the area
around Rome?
• Which group did the first Roman King come
from?
Review
• Who was the king the Roman people
rebelled against to set up a republic?
• What is a republic?
• Who are the patricians?
• Who are the plebeians?
• What is a tribune?
• Who could vote in Rome?
Review
• Why did Roman scholars say Rome had a
balanced government?
• What is a consul?
• Describe the Roman Senate?
• When could a dictator be chosen?
• What is a legion?
• What is a century?
Review
• Who did the Romans conquer to take
control of Italy?
• Describe the Punic Wars.
• Who was Hannibal?
• What did Hannibal accomplish?
• What Roman general defeated Hannibal?
• What strategy did this general use?
Review
• What two people did Julius Caesar join
forces with to gain power?
• Why did he choose those two people?
• What year did Caesar become consul?
Review
• Who was responsible for the spread of
Christianity outside of Judea?
• What year did the Jewish People rebel?
• What year did the Romans storm
Jerusalem?
• Where did the Jewish rebels flee?
• What happened to them?
Review
•
•
•
•
•
Who persecuted the Christians?
Why were they persecuted?
How were they persecuted?
Who was Constantine?
Why is he important?
Review
• What was the Edict of Milan?
• What emperor made Christianity the official
religion of Rome?
• How did the Catholic Church get started?
• Who is head of the Catholic Church?
• What is a bishop?
• Who is the Bishop of Rome?
Review
• According to tradition who was the first
Pope? Saint Peter
• Why was the Bible formed? To form a
single standard by which the Christians
would lead their life
• What was the Nicene Creed? Where the
Bible was formed.
• What is Diaspora? The exile of the Jews.
MCHS
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Callaway 6
Macon County
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30
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