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Rome: The Beginning c. 750 BCE: Latins (tribe) settle what becomes Rome http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =fa02Me27sYw&feature=share& list=PL94166D8B8C3BB66D Rome went from • A small farming village by the Tiber River To an empire! Romulus and Remus • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wA1D9wd29jI First, some geography (of course) • Rome developed on seven rolling hills at a curve on the Tiber River, 24 kms upstream from the Tyrrhenian Sea on the Italian peninsula • Mountainous terrain, but still large pockets of rich farmland • Easy to attack, except the North because it was divided by Alps (mountains) The Geography of Rome Rome was located on the Italian peninsula along the Mediterranean Sea The Romans were influenced by the Greeks & neighboring Etruscans • 1200 BCE - Europeans who spoke early Latin arrived on the Italian peninsula. • Small villages around the Tiber. • By 800 BCE – villages became « Rome » • Meanwhile, Greeks established colonies in South. • Etruscans were developing in North. The early Romans were mostly… …farmers c. 600 BCE: Etruscans Conquer Rome… …Romans adopt Etruscan alphabet, art, gods, building techniques (including the arch) • The Etruscans took territory all the way to Rome. • Roman Army – no match for the Etruscans (As they had mandatory military participation). • Ruled over Romans for 100 years! Etruscan Military Bronze Warrior 6c BCE Chariot Etruscan Military Bronze Warrior 6c BCE Chariot Etruscan Military 6c BCE Chariot • Etruscan ruling family: The TARQUINS. • Last foreign king of Rome: Tarquin the Proud. • Cruel, oppressive, against their religion In 509 BCE, Romans finally revolted, kicked him out, declared their independence, and vowed never again to be ruled by foreigners. Etruscan Influence in Rome 1. First city walls 2. Archways 3. Alphabet 4. Gladiator Games 5. Chariot Race 6. Aqueducts 7. Roads Also, Romans kept mandatory military service. Do you think this would be a good idea for Canada? Roman Military Organization Legions - groups of 4000 to 6000 men Supported by light cavalry Originally used Greek phalanx, but it didn’t work in rough terrain. Centuries - 100 armed men *Later they invented: Maniples - 60 to 120 men (?) Could move quickly through difficult terrain (better than phalanx) Discipline Death for individual insubordination Decimation for cowardice First line (hasti): youngest soldiers, armed with a small sword and a spear Second line (principes): middle-aged, armed with small sword and a spear Triarii: The veterans (most experienced) were in the rear, armed with a sword and javelin. The Roman Republic Two Main Social Classes The Culture of Ancient Rome • At the top were the nobles, called patricians – Controlled most of the land – Held key military & government positions – Made up 5% of Roman citizens The Life of the Patricians • Life of a young wealthy girl in Rome – http://ed.ted.com/lessons/four-sisters-inancient-rome-ray-laurence The Culture of Ancient Rome - 2 • • • • • Most people were commoners, called plebeians. Farmers, traders, artisans, shopkeepers, or peasants Plebeians paid the majority of taxes (made up 95% of Roman citizens) Could vote, but not hold office (in the senate) They were considered citizens… always wanting more rights The Life of the Plebeians • Life of a young man in Rome: – http://ed.ted.com/lessons/a-glimpse-of-teenagelife-in-ancient-rome-ray-laurence The Culture of Ancient Rome At the bottom of society were slaves (mostly prisoners of war) & other non-Roman citizens – no rights – Unlike the Athenians, who had a direct or participatory democracy, the Romans established a representative democracy or a REPUBLIC… …like the U.S. has today The Republic The Roman republic was established to make sure that the Romans would never have another leader like TARQUIN again!!! The Government of Ancient Rome Rome was originally ruled by kings, but in 509 B.C. the Romans created a republic. A republic is a form of government in which citizens have the power to elect their leaders – no king by birth right Aspects of the Republic • Government led by 2 consuls, originally both from the richest class (patricians). – – – – – Like a king – commanded the army and directed the government Term was only a year Not allowed to be elected for another 10 years One consul could overrule the other They also had to seek the advice and the approval of the Senate on all matters. • In times of emergency, one consul was allowed to be dictator for 6 months. – A dictator is a leader with absolute power to make laws and command the army. More Aspects of the Republic • The senate had 300 members of the wealthy class and had the final say on all laws and taxation. They had VETO power (the right to overrule a decision). – Originally made up of the patricians (Wealthy upper-class) – Eventually, plebeians were allowed into the senate…. – Membership was for life Even More Aspects of the Republic • The Assembly was the more democratic side of the government. – Assembly of Centuries (looked after the concerns of the army) – Assembly of Tribes (comprised of plebeians that represented the 35 tribes to which Roman citizens belonged) • Always in search of more power… two advantages: – Sheer numbers – Increasingly important presence in the military. Justice • The magistrates (judges/courts) were also controlled by the patrician class. • The plebeians didn’t like this either. • Plebeians eventually won more representation in government and the laws were codified… The Laws of Rome The laws of Rome were called the Twelve Tables which were hung in the forum for all citizens to see. The Twelve Tables were based on the idea that all citizens had a right to the protection of the law. THE TWELVE TABLES 451 BCE: First Roman Law Code Why was this important?