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Rise of the Romans Geography of Rome 800 B.C.: small settlement called Rome built along Tiber River Rome lies near the center of the Italian Peninsula Region was called Latium, and people living there were called Latins Language they spoke was called Latin. Geography of Rome • City’s hills provided natural defense from enemies • Tiber River provided nearby port and transportation • Rome was located on key trade routes • Trade routes crossed the Tiber river • Extends into Mediterranean Sea • Mountains: Alps and Apennines • Plenty of farming land and rivers to travel Romulus and Remus The Founding of Rome Legends and Facts (P. 311) • 1) According to legend, who founded the city of • • • • Rome? 2) Who were the mother and father of Rome’s founders? 3) In two paragraphs, summarize the story of Rome’s creation. 4) Why do you think that historians do not believe this legend? 5) What is it that archaeologists have discovered about Rome? People of Italy Who influenced the Romans? Greeks Etruscans • Many Greeks had settled in the • Most powerful people in central Italian Peninsula • Greek Mythology influenced Roman mythology – Ex. Zeus became Jupiter • Romans also adopted Greek Italy when Rome was founded • Lived north of Latium • Skilled artists and builders • Sailed around Mediterranean legends and heroes • Learned from Greeks and Phoenicians Roman Society (P.322) 1) Define: patriarchal society 2) What could be some of the disadvantages of having a patriarchal society? 3) Define: paterfamilias 4) What kind of power did paterfamilias have? Roman Society – Women (P.322) Women in Rome Women in Greece Life in Rome Rich and Poor (P.323) Wealthy Romans Poor Romans Life in Rome Slaves (P. 324) What was life like for slaves in Rome? Provide detailed answers. What was a famous example of slaves fighting back? Early Roman Republic A Look at the Roman Government Patricians • Wealthy Landowners •Have a say in government •Held military and religious positions Plebeians •Lower Class (workers) •95% of people •No say in government •Served in the army Forms of Government in the World Monarchy rule by one person (king or queen) Democracy rule by the people Oligarchy rule by an elite few (aristocracy) one person absolute rule Dictatorship What are the pros and cons of each of these forms of government? Roman Government Before the Republic Rome began as an independent city-state led by monarchs Kings (monarchs) ruled with much power Leader of army Main Priest Supreme Judge Monarchs built first buildings in the Forum Kings ruled with consent from wealthy aristocrats. Senate (“Old Man”): Older, wealthy men who advised the king in important matters. Opinion: Why do you think that Roman kings needed the approval from wealthy Roman aristocrats? Tarquin the Proud The Last of the Roman Kings Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 7th and final king of Rome Etruscan Origin Mistreatment of his people led to rebellion by Brutus and aristocrats. After him, Rome became a republic Citizens have the right to vote and elect officials Do you think that people in the United States would allow for a king to rule them? Why or why not? The Roman Republic Romans chose a complex government, which included: Roman Constitution System of laws by which a government is organized Rule of law Law Applied to everyone written laws to protect themselves and their liberty 12 Tables Mixed government combined strengths of all forms of governments Roman Republic Also Included Three branches Assemblies, Senate, and Magistrate Separation of powers no one group has all the power Each branch had different responsibilities and powers One branch could stop (check) another branch from misusing power Limited Power for Officials in Government Two consuls instead of a top leader Each consul could cancel the action of the other (veto power) Government officials were chosen for one year Why was a veto power necessary for Roman consuls? The Roman Republic The System of Checks and Balances Monarchical Aristocratic Democratic Magistrates 2 Consuls + (elected officials) Senate Assemblies Directed government and army Controlled state budget Acted as judges Could pass laws Acted as chief priest Advised Consuls Powerful Part of Government Approved/rejected laws Decided on War Could veto actions of magistrate Open to Plebeians Basis of power: need for leadership Basis of power: members were richest men in Rome. Basis of power: provided most of the soldiers Limits on power: one year term each could veto Limits on power: could not control army Limits on power: Could not suggest laws Assemblies Democratic part of government All adult males could participate Elected officials and passed laws Had power because it was composed by most Roman citizens, who were the soldiers at the time. Senate 1. 300 men 2. Chosen for life 3. Advise Consul 4. Deal with other countries 5. Proposes laws 6. Approve public works 7. Deal with daily government problems The Magistrate The Race of Honors: How to Become a Consul Lower Offices of Magistrates Quaestor Elected by popular vote (patricians and plebeians) Financial officer Kept track of the state’s money Aedile If a quaestor did well, he could seek election as an aedile Duties: Public buildings Public Games Offices of the Magistrate Tribune of the Plebs Defend lives & property Praetors 8 elected annually of plebeians Judicial duties Gathered plebeians to Assembly Gathered Senate Could veto laws Supervise defense of Rome 10 elected annually Govern province after term Consuls 1. Top government officials 2. Two chosen every year 3. Headed the army and ran the government 4. Served for a short term, avoiding risk of abusing power 5. Veto Power • The right of the consul to reject the other’s decision. Latin for “I forbid” Occasional Magistrates Dictator Named by the Senate in times of emergency Served only for 6 months but had complete power Why do you think that during times of emergency (ex. War) Romans would want to give power to only one man? The Roman Army The Roman Legion Army was made of professional soldiers who were Roman citizens Pay and retirement opportunities made people join Non-citizens were promised citizenship after 20 years of loyal service Soldiers received choice of land or money when they retired The Roman Legion Roman soldiers swore loyalty to Rome and emperor Loyalty to emperor was reinforced through holidays recognizing them How could emperors make sure that Roman soldiers would remain loyal to them? Why was it important that they remained loyal to them? The Roman Legion Emperors had to work at maintaining loyalty of army Officers received appointments through the emperor (received prestige, status, connections and wealth) Generals were moved like chess pieces within empire to avoid loyalty from men Men more loyal to leadership than emperor Why would soldiers have more loyalty towards generals than emperors? Roman Legion A legion was usually made up of about 5,000 soldiers Centurion commanded 80 men (century) A cohort was made up of 6 centuries (480 men) 10 cohorts made a legion that was supported with a cavalry unit and engineers Majority of legions protected Roman frontier (borders) Roman Legion: Military Training Military training was rigorous and involved marching (20 miles a day) and carrying of equipment Extensive training in various weapons and formations Responsible for constructing forts, bridges, roads and protective walls Maintain constant presence in conquered territories Roman Weapon Pilum Sizes Over 20 feet Roman Weapons Gladius: The Romans created their short swords after those of the Spanish Celts. Spatha: Sword used by the cavalry. Much longer blade and easier to use than the gladius Pugio: The legionaries carried a dagger starting in the 2nd or 1st centuries BC. More Roman Weapons Roman ballista : heavy weapons that launched stone balls, large arrows and multiple arrows Used for sieges and protection of fixed positions also found on naval warships Auxiliaries Men from conquered territories who received similar training like Romans Majority served as archers and were sent far away from original homes Granted citizenship after 25 years and were paid lower wages than Roman troops