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Transcript
The Roman World: Overview Our study of the Roman World will examine the rise of the Roman Empire, the society and culture at the height of the empire, and the rise of Christianity. Finally, we will conclude our study of the Roman World by closely exploring the decline of Roman power and analyzing the fall of the Roman Empire. I. II. IV. Rise of the Roman Empire Roman Society and Culture III. Rise of Christianity Fall of the Roman Empire The Roman World: Focus Questions How have global civilizations organized and grown throughout history to 1550? Why do empires rise and fall? What factors led to the decline and fall of the Roman Empire? Impact of Geography on Rome: Identify 1 geographic feature & propose how it might impact the culture of Rome The Geography of Rome Rome was located on the Italian peninsula along the Mediterranean Sea The Romans were influenced by the Greeks & neighboring Etruscans Discussion: Based upon this image, what government system does the Roman government resemble? Why? Roman Government Rome was originally ruled by kings In 509 BC Romans created a republic REPUBLIC: government in which citizens have the power to elect their leaders Governing Bodies in Rome 1. Senate: most important & powerful with 300 members Controlled public funds and made foreign policy decisions Could propose a dictator in times of emergency 1. Popular Assemblies: several groups with citizens who voted on law and elected officials 1. Magistrates: Public officials who governed in the name of Rome The most important feature of the republic was the Senate, whose 300 members were elected by citizens to make laws & taxes Roman Consuls Two Consuls were elected for one-year terms and served as chief executives Had veto power over acts of the other person VETO: refuse to approve Governed with advice of Senate – an example of the principle of checks and balances to prevent any one part of the government from becoming too powerful Roman Officials Romans elected PRAETORS: officials who help the consuls who commanded armies and oversaw the legal system Every 5 years, for 18 months, CENSORS were elected: officals who registered citizens according to wealth The Conflict of the Orders Roman society was divided into 2 social classes: PATRICIANS: powerful aristocratic class organized into clans PLEBEIANS: all other citizens Patricians kept power through a system of patronage Plebeians were discriminated against but gradually increased their own power Twelve Tables In 450 BC, Romans engraved laws on tablets known as the Twelve Tables Placed in the Forum for everyone to see By 300 BC, distinction between nobility and the less wealthy became less important By the 3rd century B.C., the Romans conquered the Italian peninsula & began to exert power in the Mediterranean world But, the growth of Rome threatened Carthage, the superpower of the Mediterranean world In a series of battles known as the Punic Wars, Rome defeated Carthage & began the dominant power in the Mediterranean After the Punic Wars, Rome conquered new territories & gained great wealth One of the generals who led Rome’s expansion was a politician named Julius Caesar First Triumverate By 133 BC, the Republic was facing problems Julius Caesar began to gain widespread popularity Caesar joined with Gaius Pompey and Licinius Crassus in 60 BC and formed the First Triumverate Julius Caesar Became Consul in 59 BC Spent the next 10 years bringing Gaul under Roman rule In 49 BC, Caesar marched on Rome Gaius Pompey and his followers fled to Greece Caesar traveled to Egypt and put Cleopatra on the throne In 46 BC, Caesar returned to Rome & in 44 BC, Senate named him Dictator for life “Et tu, Brute?” Initiated reforms Some envied his new status and on March 15, 44 BC, he was stabbed to death on the senate floor In 44 B.C., Senators assassinated Julius Caesar The assassination led to another civil war led by Caesar’s grand-nephew Octavian & his best general, Marc Antony Second Triumvirate Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate in 43 BC. Octavian and Antony divided the Roman world – Octavian took the west and Antony took the east. Antony went to Egypt and joined with Cleopatra. The Revered One Octavian declared war on Antony & Cleopatra In 31 BC, Octavia defeated their fleet & captured Alexandria In 27 BC, Senate titled him Augustus, meaning “the revered one” The first Roman Emperor Roman state became the Roman Empire The Julio-Claudians Augustus died in 14 AD For next 54 years, Caesar’s relatives ruled the empire Nero was the last JulioClaudian emperor, from 54 to 68 AD The Good Emperors After Nero’s death, a number of different emperors ruled Rome Series of 5 emperors, known as the Good Emperors ruled for almost 100 years, until 96 AD Government & The Provinces The period of time from Augustus’ reign to the death of Aurelius, 27 BC through 180 AD, is known as the Pax Romana, or “Roman Peace.” Roman government provided unifying force Provinces were governed honorably Romans constructed many new cities AQUADUCTS: bridge-like structures that carried water from the mountains Roman Law Unifying factor Twelve Tables were changed to address needs of the huge empire Development of the belief that certain basic legal principles apply to all humans Roman Army Augustus restored the Roman Army PRAETORIAN GUARD: small, elite force kept in Rome to protect the Emperor Trade & Transportation Agriculture was the primary occupation Olive and wine products were exported COLONUS: tenant farmer who replaced slaves on large estates Opportunities for commerce Trade with Asia and India increased 50,000 miles of highway was built to link cities to Rome Living Conditions Patricians Plebeians Luxurious living Majority City and Country homes Lots of time for leisure Ate 3 simple meals each day Most were artisans and farmers Amusements Theater – comedy and satire Chariot racing at Circus Maximus Events at the Colosseum, including gladiator combat Science, Engineering & Architecture Applied scientific knowledge from the Greeks. They planned cities, built water and sewage systems and improved farming. The biggest contribution was from Roman architects with their use of concrete in constructing large buildings Education Boys and girls entered school at age 7 to study basic subjects After age 13, only boys continued with school Literature & Language Development of art and literature was encouraged Great poets included Virgil and Ovid Today, we use the Roman or Latin alphabet of 23 letters plus J, U, and W The area of Palestine called Canaan was the ancient home of the Hebrews, later called the Jews. Origins of Judaism The history, legends and moral laws of the Jews have been a major influence on Western culture, and began a tradition also shared by Christianity and Islam. Why do you think the location of Palestine is so important? Judaism Judaism is around 3500 years old and is the oldest of the world's four great monotheistic religions Jews await the Messiah and believe in heaven, but that God determines where they go after life on earth Ten Commandments is the basic code of law The Torah Sacred literature in Judaism 5 Books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy Books of the Torah describe events that occurred, and tell stories that teach important lessons Written in Hebrew, read from right to left Abraham and the Jews Abraham was the first chosen by God to be the “father of the Hebrew people” Abraham lived in Ur and moved the Hebrew people to Canaan around 2000 BC In 1650 BC the Hebrew people moved again to Egypt, but returned to Canaan with Moses in 1200 BC Judaism: Places of Worship Jews worship in Synagogues or temples Worship is led by a Rabbi Shabbat, the holy day, is from sundown on Friday through sundown on Saturday Jews & the Roman Empire In Roman times, most Jews lived in Judea Excused from honoring Roman Gods because of their belief in one God Jews hoped to win independence and occasionally rebelled against the Romans In 135 AD, Romans brutally suppressed a revolt and banned Jews from Jerusalem Life of Jesus Christ Born in Bethlehem near Jerusalem and grew up in Nazareth Jesus was a carpenter and student of the writings of Jewish prophets Travelled through villages and gained a group of disciples DISCIPLES: followers Teachings of Jesus Christ Accepted the Ten Commandments but gave them further meaning Jesus travelled to Jerusalem in 30 AD and many hailed him as the “King of Jews” Romans feared Jesus would lead an uprising and considered him an enemy of the state Tried before Pontius Pilate – the Roman governor – and sentenced to crucifixion Spread of Christianity According to the gospels, Jesus arose from the dead 3 days after his crucifixion, remained on earth for 40 more days and then ascended to heaven Christians believe that the resurrection and ascension prove Jesus is the Messiah Resurrection is the central event of Christianity and that Jesus died for the sins of the human race Disciples set out to spread this message Christianity spread slowly but appeal gradually increased Christian Persecution By 100 AD, Romans outlawed Christianity By 300 AD, the Christian Church had become too large to punish Roman law accepted Christianity as a religion Organization of the Church Priests conducted services, baptisms and marriages Bishops, above Priests, headed the Church in each city Bishops in each Empire city were called Patriarchs Over time the Patriarch of Rome assumed the title of Pope In 325 AD, Council at Nicaea proclaimed the DOCTRINE OF THE TRINITY: central belief in the existence of three persons in one God – the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit Rome’s Economy Declines The Roman Empire began to decline at the end of the reign of the last of the Good Emperors, Marcus Aurelius. The rulers that followed were brutal and incompetent. During the 3rd c. AD hostile tribes and frequent wars disrupted trade Government was drained of the empire’s gold and silver and forced to raise taxes Problems with agriculture led to massive food shortages Eventually disease spread and population declined Military Upheaval Economic crises was worsened by military trouble Government began to recruit mercenaries MERCENARY: foreign soldier who will fight for pay Problem with mercenaries is that they have no loyalty Diocletian’s Reforms Diocletian became Emperor in 284 AD Restored order and increased the empire’s strength Divided the Empire into East and West He took the Eastern half and appointed a co-ruler for the Western half Eastern half had more cities and trade centers Retired in 305 AD for health reasons and civil war broke out immediately The New Capital Constantine reunited the empire under 1 ruler In 330 moved the capital to Byzantium Renamed the capital Constantinople After Constantinople died, the empire was again divided – the East survives by the West falls Invaders Overrun the Empire Decline took place over many years From 376 to 476, huge numbers of Germans came into the territory to flee the Huns In 410, Rome was under siege and plundered In 455, vandals again sacked Rome and left it in chaos Sack of Rome, 455 AD The Last Emperor Romulus Augustulus was the Empire’s last Emperor Sent to exile in 476 Eastern half of the Empire flourished and became known as the Byzantine Empire which lasted until 1453 Roman Empire, 626 AD Greco-Roman Legacy By preserving and adding to Greek civilization, Rome strengthened the Western cultural tradition. Historian RH Barrow has said that Rome has never truly fallen because it turned into something greater – an idea – and achieved immortality.
