Download Unit 5, Consciousness

Myers’ Psychology for AP*
Unit 5:
Consciousness
David G. Myers
Some PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Worth Publishers, © 2010
*AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
OBJECTIVES:
The student will know and understand
the States of Consciousness explores varying stages of
awareness, including sleep, reactions to drugs,
daydreaming, and controlled conscious processes. After
completing their study of this chapter, students should be
able to:
1) discuss the nature of consciousness and its significance
in the history of psychology
2)contrast conscious and subconscious information
processing
3) discuss the content and potential functions of daydreams
and fantasies
4) discuss the importance of seasonal, monthly, and daily
biological rhythms
5) describe the cyclical nature and possible functions of
sleep
6) identify the major sleep disorders
7) discuss the content and possible functions of dreams
8) discuss hypnosis, noting the behavior of hypnotized
people and claims regarding its uses
9) discuss the controversy over whether hypnosis is an
altered state of consciousness
10) discuss the nature of drug dependence and identify
some common misconceptions about addictions
11) describe the physiological and psychological effects of
depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens
12) discuss the factors that contribute to drug use
13) describe the near-death experience and the controversy
over whether it provides evidence for a mind-body dualism.
Unit 5:
States of Consciousness
Unit Overview
Sleep and Dreams
Hypnosis
Drugs and Consciousness
Consciousness
*our awareness of ourselves and our environments
*the process by which the brain creates a model of internal and
external experience.
Introduction
States of consciousness
Sleep
Wake
Altered states
CORE CONCEPT: Consciousness can take many forms, while other
mental processes occur simultaneously outside our awareness.
STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Some occur
spontaneously
Some are
physiologically
induced
Daydreaming
Hallucinations
Some are
psychologically Sensory
induced
deprivation
Drowsiness
Dreaming
Orgasm
Food or
oxygen
starvation
Hypnosis
Meditation
Consciousness is not good at multitasking: So, if you try
to drive while talking on the cell phone, you have to shift
your attention back and forth between tasks.
WHAT DOES CONSCIOUSNESS DO FOR US?
*Restricts our attention --limits what you notice
and think about
*Provides mental “meeting place” where
sensation can combine with memory, emotions,
motives, and a host of other psychological
processes.
*Allows us to create a mental model of the
world that we can manipulate --using past and
present memories to think and plan.
The NONCONSCIOUS MIND
*Preconscious: defined as memories of events
(i.e. a wedding) and facts (i.e. Lansing is the
capital of Michigan) that have once been the focus
of attention
*Unconscious: defined as many levels of
processing that occur without awareness,
including brain systems and others that can have
subtle influences on behavior.
Try to fill in the blanks to make a word from the
following stem:
D
E
F
__
__
__
(write it on a piece of paper)
PRIMING: a technique that has an influence on
answers people give without their being conscious
that they were influenced.
There are many possible answers to this question,
but I increased the probability that you would chose
the word, DEFINE, by using it twice in the previous
slide.
SLEEP and
DREAMS
Sleep and Dreams
Biological Rhythms
 periodic physiological fluctuations
Circadian Rhythm
 the biological clock
 regular bodily rhythms that occur on
a 24-hour cycle, such as of
wakefulness and body temperature
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Circadian Rhythm
Circadian rhythm
24 hour cycle
Temperature changes
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
melatonin
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Circadian Rhythm
Biological Rhythms:
Premenstrual Syndrome
3
Recalled mood is
worse than
earlier reported
Negative mood
score
2
1
Premenstrual
Actual
Menstrual Intermenstrual
Menstrual phase
Recalled mood
Sleep and Dreams
Sleep
 *periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness
Daydreaming
 *mildly, altered state of consciousness
*attention inward to memories, expectations, and
desires often with vivid mental imagery
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
 *recurring sleep stage
 *vivid dreams
 “paradoxical sleep”
 muscles are generally relaxed, but other body
systems are active
Sleep and Dreams
 Measuring sleep activity
Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
Alpha Waves
 slow waves of a
relaxed, awake
brain
Delta Waves
 large, slow waves
of deep sleep
Hallucinations
 false sensory
experiences
Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
Hypnagogic
Sensations
 Transitional state
between
wakefulness and
sleep
 Includes lucid
dreaming,
hallucinations,
out of body
experiences, and
sleep paralysis.
Stages in a Typical
Night’s Sleep
Awake
Sleep
stages
1
2
3
REM
4
0
1
2
3
4
Hours of sleep
5
6
7
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
REM Sleep
REM sleep vs NREM sleep
REM sleep: rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep state
during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as
paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except
for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
NREM sleep: non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all
sleep stages except for REM sleep.
Typical nights sleep
90 minute cycle
Stages in a Typical
Night’s Sleep
Minutes
of
Stage 4
and
REM
Decreasing
Stage 4
25
20
15
Increasing
REM
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
Hours of sleep
6
7
8
Dreams
As Information Processing
 helps facilitate memories
REM Rebound
 REM sleep increases following REM
sleep deprivation
Why Do We Sleep?
Variations in sleeping patterns
Cultural influences
Sleep debt
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
US Navy and NIH studies
Age and sleep loss
Chronic sleep loss
Spring and fall
time changes
Sleep Deprivation
Effects of Sleep Loss
 fatigue
 impaired
concentration
 depressed immune
system
 greater vulnerability
to accidents
Sleep Deprivation
Sleep Across the Lifespan
Those who sleep longer on average tend to be
more nervous, worrisome, artistic, creative and
nonconforming.
Short sleepers tend to be more energetic and
extroverted
How much sleep we need depend on several
factors:
*genetics--different for each species
*circadian rhythms
*personal characteristics and habits
*exercise influences the need for sleep (however, strenuous
physical activity increase the amount of slow-wave stage 4
sleep)
Older People Sleep Less. Now we know why.
(article Huffinton Post, 8/26/2014 by Anna Almendrala)
. . . . . .a new study from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and
University of Toronto researchers offers, for the first time, a neurological
reason for the phenomenon: namely, that a specific cluster of neurons
associated with regulating sleep patterns, called the ventrolateral
preoptic nucleus, may slowly die off as you get older.
"The more of these cells you lose from aging, the harder time you
have sleeping," lead researcher Clifford Saper, M.D., Ph.D., chairman of
neurology at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, told HuffPost.
Saper noted that by the time people are in their 70s, they’re generally
sleeping an hour and a half less than they did when they were in their
20s. "They’re not feeling rested -- they're getting up because they can't
sleep anymore, but they're still tired during the day," he said. "It’s sort of a
chronic insomnia state."
Older People Sleep Less. Now we know why.
(article Huffinton Post, 8/26/2014 by Anna Almendrala)
CONTINUED
. . . . . "The surprise finding was that people with Alzheimer's disease
lose these cells particularly quickly," said Saper. "Those were the ones
with the very fewest neurons and the most disrupted sleep.”
Because people with Alzheimer's disease often end up being
institutionalized over the issues that can stem from disrupted sleep (like
nighttime wandering), Saper said his Alzheimer's finding may be "key" to
figuring out how to keep those patients home with family members.
"If we could develop medications that helped Alzheimer's patients sleep
through the night, without causing them to have increased risk of falling,
this could keep some people out of nursing homes," he said.
Why Do We Sleep?
Sleep Theories
Sleep theories
Sleep protects
Sleep helps recuperation
Memory storage
Sleep and creative thinking
Sleep and growth
DREAMS
Dreams: Freud
Sigmund Freud--The
Interpretation of Dreams
(1900)
 wish fulfillment
 discharge otherwise
unacceptable feelings
Manifest Content
 remembered story line
Latent Content
 underlying meaning
Dreams: Freud
Dreams
*sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts
passing through a sleeping person’s mind
*hallucinatory imagery
*discontinuities
*incongruities
*delusional acceptance of the content
*difficulties remembering
Dreams
Why We Dream
To satisfy our own wishes
To file away memories
To develop/preserve neural
pathways
To make sense of neural static
To reflect cognitive development
Critical Considerations:
Critical Considerations: Lacks any scientific support;
dreams may be interpreted in many different ways.
Critical Considerations: But why do we sometimes dream
about things we have not experienced?
Critical Considerations: This may be true, but it does not
explain why we experience meaningful dreams.
Critical Considerations: The individual’s brain is weaving
the stories, which still tells us something about the dreamer.
Critical Considerations: Does not address the
neuroscience of dreams.
Dreams vary by Culture, Gender and Age
*women everywhere commonly dream of children
*men more commonly dream of aggression, weapons, tools
*children more likely dream of animals and they are more likely to be
large, threatening, and wild
*college students dream of small animals, pets and tame creatures
*reports from Ghana, dreams feature attacks by cows (Barnouw,
1963)
*Americans find themselves embarrassed by public nakedness
*Mexican American college students dream of images of death more
often than AngloAmerican college students.
Dreams tend to reflect life events that are important
to the dreamer…..(Rosalind Cartwright research)
ACTIVATION-SYNTHESIS THEORY
Dreams result when the sleeping brain tries to
make sense of its own spontaneous bursts of
activity.
In this view, dreams originate when their own
periodic neural discharges emitted by the brain
stem. When the energy sweeps over the cerebral
cortex, the sleeper experiences impressions of
sensation, memory, motivation, emotion and
movement. (Hobson, McCarley 1977)
Show
What are Dreams (Nova)
SLEEP
DISORDERS
Sleep disorders
Insomnia:
recurring
problems in falling or staying
asleep.
Narcolepsy:
a sleep
disorder characterized by
uncontrollable sleep attacks.
The sufferer may lapse
directly into REM sleep,
often at inopportune times.
Sleep disorders
Sleep apnea:
a sleep
disorder characterized by
temporary cessations of
breathing during sleep and
repeated momentary awakenings.
Night terrors: a sleep disorder
characterized by high arousal and
an appearance of being terrified;
unlike nightmares, night terrors
occur during Stage 4 sleep, within
two or three hours of falling asleep,
and are seldom remembered.
Sleepwalking/sleeptalking
Night Terrors and Nightmares
Night Terrors
 occur within 2 or 3 hours
of falling asleep, usually
during Stage 4
 high arousal-appearance of being
terrified
Sleep
stages
Awake
1
2
3
REM
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hours of sleep
7
Nightmares
Occur in REM sleep during the early morning hours
What interferes with sleep?
*Exercise increases endorphins and activity in your
system. It is best to exercise in the early morning
or late afternoon.
*Eating activates the digestive system. It is best to
eat prior to 6 or 7:00 pm.
*Alcohol depresses activity in the brain that control
our self-monitoring behaviors. While it will initially
induce relaxation, overuse will interfere with REM
sleep and cause insomnia and infrequent sleep
patterns.
HYPNOSIS
Introduction
Hypnosis
Hypnotic induction
Hypnosis as an altered state?
Hypnosis
Hypnosis
 a social interaction in which one person (the
hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject)
that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or
behaviors will spontaneously occur
Posthypnotic Amnesia
 supposed inability to recall what one
experienced during hypnosis
 induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion
Hypnosis
Orne & Evans (1965)
 control group instructed to “pretend”
 unhypnotized subjects performed the same
acts as the hypnotized ones
Posthypnotic Suggestion
 suggestion to be carried out after the subject
is no longer hypnotized
 used by some clinicians to control undesired
symptoms and behaviors
Hypnosis
Unhypnotized
persons can
also do this
Facts and Falsehoods
Can Anyone Experience Hypnosis?
Postural sway
Susceptibility
Can Hypnosis Enhance Recall of
Forgotten Events?
Age regression
Facts and Falsehoods
Can Hypnosis Force People to
Act Against Their Will?
Can Hypnosis Be Therapeutic?
Hypnotherapists
Posthypnotic suggestion
Can Hypnosis Alleviate Pain?
Explaining Hypnosis
Hypnosis
Dissociation
 a split in consciousness
 allows some thoughts and behaviors to
occur simultaneously with others
Hidden Observer
 Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized
subject’s awareness of experiences, such
as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis
Uses of hypnosis:
*Research--can induce temporary mental
conditions (anxiety, hallucinations, depression)
*Treatment--phobias, eliminating unwanted
behaviors (smoking, eating)
*Anesthesia--medical & dental practices (not
everyone can do this)
How does hypnosis relieve pain? Two
theories:
*Hilgard’s hidden-observer explanation:
Ostensibly, a person undergoing hypnosis to manage pain,
for example, feels no conscious pain. That does not mean
the pain is not there, however; nor does it mean that the
patient's subconscious is not registering the pain. When
their "hidden observers" were tapped into, however there
were reports of pain and discomfort
*Gate-Control Theory-- pain depends on the
relative amount of traffic in two different sensory
pathways which carry information from the sense
organs to the brain. Traumatic pain travels the
slower-paced nerve paths.
DRUGS and
CONSCIOUSNESS
Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug
 a chemical substance that
alters perceptions and mood
Physical Dependence
 physiological need for a drug
 marked by unpleasant
withdrawal symptoms
Psychological Dependence
 a psychological need to use a
drug
 for example, to relieve
negative emotions
Dependence and Addiction
Big
effect
Tolerance
Response to
first exposure
Drug
effect
 diminishing effect
with regular use
Withdrawal
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Little
effect
Large
Small
Drug dose
 discomfort and
distress that follow
discontinued use
Dependence and Addiction
Dependence
Physical dependence:
a physiological need
for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
when the drug is discontinued.
Psychological dependence:
a psychological
need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative
emotions.
Psychoactive Drugs
Three types of psychoactive drugs
Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants
Depressants
 *drugs that reduce neural activity, inhibits the
transmission of messages in CNS
 *slow body functions
 alcohol, barbiturates, opiates, benzodiazepines
Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants - Alcohol
Disinhibition
Slowed neural processing
Memory disruption
Reduced self-awareness and selfcontrol
Expectancy effects
Alcohol + Sex = The Perfect Storm
Psychoactive Drugs
Barbiturates
 drugs that depress the activity of the CNS, reducing
anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
 Side effect of reducing REM sleep time; withdrawal
from barbituates results in REM rebound and
unpleasant dreams
 Sedatives, sleep, anesthetic, anticonvulsant
Opiates
 opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)
 opiates depress neural activity, temporarily
lessening pain and anxiety
 Similar to body’s pain relieving chemicals, the
endorphines
 Opium, morphine, heroin, codeine, methadone
Psychoactive Drugs
Stimulants
Stimulants
 *drugs that excite neural activity in
CNS
 *Dangers include frightening
hallucinations, paranoid delusions;
children born to users at at increased
risk for cognitive problems, emotional
difficulties and behavior-control
disorders.
 *speed up body functions, increase
concentration, reduce behavior in
ADHD.
 caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine,
methamphetamine, MDMA (ecstacy),
Psychoactive Drugs
Amphetamines
 drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing
speeded-up body functions and associated energy
and mood changes
 Weight control, counteract anesthesia
Methamphetamines
 Speed (crystal meth)
 Weight control
5Addicted brain [clipnabber.com].mp4
5Drugs Make You Ugly [clipnabber.com].mp4
Psychoactive Drugs
Stimulants - Nicotine
Psychoactive Drugs
Stimulants - Cocaine
Psychoactive Drugs
Stimulants - Cocaine
Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogens
 psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort
perceptions and evoke sensory images in the
absence of sensory input
 Most hallucinogens work at the receptor sites for
the neurotransmitter serotonin
 LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, PCP, cannabis
Psychoactive Drugs
Ecstasy (MDMA)
 synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen
 both short-term and long-term health risks
LSD
 lysergic acid diethylamide
 a powerful hallucinogenic drug
 also known as acid
THC
 the major active ingredient in marijuana
 triggers a variety of effects, including mild
hallucinations
Psychoactive Drugs
Influences of Drug Use
Biological Influences
Psychological and Social-Cultural
Influences
Perceived Marijuana Risk
100%
Percent
of
twelfth
graders
Perceived “great risk of
harm” in marijuana use
90
80
70
60
50
40
Used marijuana
30
20
10
0
‘75
‘77
‘79 ‘81 ‘83
‘85
‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93
Year
‘95 ‘97 ‘99
Levels of Analysis for Drug Use
GO TO
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/mouse/
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/methmouse//
NEAR-DEATH
EXPERIENCES
Near-Death Experiences
Near-Death
Experience
 an altered state
of consciousness
reported after a
close brush with
death
 often similar to
drug-induced
hallucinations
Near-Death Experiences
Dualism
 the presumption that mind and
body are two distinct entities that
interact
Monism
 the presumption that mind and
body are different aspects of the
same thing
QUESTIONS FOR
REVIEW
1) RECALL
Who objected most strenuously to defining
psychology as the science of consciousness?
a) The behaviorists
b) The cognitive psychologists
c) The Freudians
d) The humanists
e) The neurologists
2) RECALL
According to cognitive neuroscience
a) Consciousness has no relationship to the brain
b) Consciousness is a product of the brain
c) Creativity arises from altered states of
consciousness
d) Consciousness does not exist
e) The conscious mind has little access to the
larger world of mental activity in the
unconscious
3) APPLICATION
Suppose you wanted to sample the contents of
preconsciousness in a group of volunteers.
Which technique would be most appropriate?
a) Ask them to recall specific memories to
consciousness
b) Ask them to recall a dream
c) Do a priming experiment
d) Have them undergo psychoanalysis
e) Give them MRI scan
4) UNDERSTANDING THE CORE CONCEPT
Which of the following is a description of
consciousness suggested by the core concept
for this section?
a) Consciousness processes information serially
b) Consciousness allows us to respond
reflexively, without thinking.
c) Consciousness controls our autonomic
nervous system
d) Consciousness makes us more alert
e) Consciousness is just an abstract concept.
5) RECALL
Which statement is true about daydreaming?
a) Daydreams help focus your attention
b) Most people daydream every day
c) Daydreams are usually more vivid than night
dreams
d) Daydreams usually serve as an escape from
the concerns of real life
e) Most people can easily suppress unwanted
thoughts
6) RECALL
All of the following are related to our circadian
rhythms, except
a) Daydreaming
b) Waking
c) Dreaming
d) Sleep
e) Jet lag
7) RECALL
Suppose that you are working in a sleep
laboratory, where you are monitoring a
subject’s sleep recording during the night. As
the night progresses, you would expect to see
that
a) Dreaming becomes less frequent
b) The four-stage cycle gradually lengthens
c) Stage 3 and 4 sleep periods lengthen
d) REM periods become longer
e) Stage 1 keeps reappearing
8) RECALL
According to the activation-synthesis theory,
dreams are
a) Replays of events during the previous day
b) Wish fulfillments
c) Mental garbage
d) Storylike episodes that provide clues about
problems in the unconscious mind
e) An attempt by the brain to make sense of
random activity in the brain stem.
9) APPLICATION
Which of the following symptoms suggests the
presence of a sleep disorder?
a) Needing nine hours of sleep each night in
order to feel rested
b) Napping during the day
c) Not remembering your dreams
d) A REM period at the beginning of sleep
e) A brief cessation of breathing once or twice a
night
10) UNDERSTANDING THE CORE CONCEPT
Our core concept states that consciousness changes in
cycles that normally correspond to our biological
rhythms and to the patterns of our environment.
Which of the following illustrates this concept?
a) The Crick-Mitchison view
b) Priming
c) Consciousness, preconsciousness, and the
unconscious
d) Sleep and dreaming
e) REM rebound
11) RECALL
Hypnosis is sometimes used by psychological researchers
to
a) Cure patients suffering from severe mental
disorder
b) Improve memory
c) Create mental states, such as anxiety or
euphoria
d) Student the effects of psychoactive drugs
e) Induce amnesia for traumatic experiences.
12) RECALL
Psychoactive drugs usually create their effects by ____ in
the brain
a) Causing delayed stress reactions
b) Stimulating reward circuits
c) Rewiring neural pathways
d) Disabling dendrites
e) Altering memories
13) RECALL
Which of the following statements is true?
a) Research has proven conclusively that addiction is a
brain disease
b) The reinforcing nature of drugs ensures low addiction
rates.
c) Some psychologists suggest that treating addiction as a
disease ignores the social and economic factors that
surround the problem
d) The cycle of addiction is most efficiently broken with a
combination of punishment for relapses and drugs that
counteract the effects of psychoactive drugs.
e) Most public health professionals view addiction as a
character weakness.
14) APPLICATION
Which of the following groups of drugs have the
opposite effects on the brain?
a) Stimulants and depressants
b) Depressants and opiates
c) Hallucinations and sedatives
d) Opiates and sedatives
e) Hallucinogens and stimulants.
15) UNDERSTANDING THE CORE CONCEPT
An altered state of consciousness occurs when some
aspect of normal consciousness is modified either by
mental, behavioral, or chemical means. This suggests
that
a) Some states of consciousness are mystical phenomena
that cannot ever be explained
b) Altered states of consciousness are the primary source
of creativity in our minds
c) Consciousness is immutable
d) All states of consciousness are controlled by
unconscious needs, desires and memories
e) Psychologists can study altered states of consciousness
with scientific methods.
16) APPLICATION
What was the objection by Watson and other behaviorists to
the study of consciousness?
a) Consciousness is the result of an inner life force, which
they did not have the tools to study
b) Consciousness is an essential component of learning
c) Consciousness could not be accessed by introspection
d) Consciousness is not affected by rewards and
punishments.
e) Conscious processess cannot be directly observed and
measured.
17) RECALL
Imaging techniques, such as MRI and PET scans, allow
cognitive scientists to connect mental activity with
a) Cognition
b) Behavior
c) Learning
d) Brain activity
e) Priming
18) RECALL
Which of the following is not one of the functions of
consciousness cited by your text?
a) Manipulating a mental image of the world
b) Relinquishing control to enhance self-awareness
c) Combining sensation with memory
d) Selecting pertinent information for further processing
e) Restricting attention to what is relevant
19) RECALL
Which one of the following did Freud believe to be a
function of the unconscious mind?
a) Regulation of sleep, wakefulness, blood pressure, heart
rate, body temperature and habit patterns
b) The construction of grammatically correct sentences,
without having to think consciously about the
grammatical rules
c) Logical thinking
d) The unconscious mind serves no purpose
e) Protecting consciousness from sexual desires and
traumatic experiences.
20) RECALL
Rapid Eye movements are reliable behavioral signs that
a) A person is very low in hypnotizability
b) A sleeper is dreaming
c) One has achieved a genuine meditative state
d) An individual has reached the deepest level of sleep
e) An individual is under the influence of alcohol or other
drugs
21) RECALL
Which one of the following is a sleep disorder characterized
by brief interruptions when the sleeper stops breathing,
wakens, resumes breathing, and falls back asleep?
a) Analgesia
b) Night terrors
c) Apnea
d) Daytime sleepiness
e) Insomnia
22) RECALL
Which of the following statements about hypnosis is true?
a) Anyone can be hypnotized if the hypnotists know the
most effective techniques to use
b) Hypnosis has no medical value
c) Hypnotizability relies on a person’s ability to respond to
suggestion
d) Hypnosis is actually a form of NREM sleep
e) The less intelligent of educated a person is, the more
hypnotizable he or she will be
23) RECALL
Psychology has verified that meditation can be useful for
producing
a) Heightened cognitive arousal
b) A deeper understanding of oneself
c) Enlightenment
d) Increased metabolic rates
e) A state of relaxation
24) RECALL
Which of the following drugs would be most likely to
produce hallucinations (sensory experiences with no
basis in reality)?
a) Benzodiazepines
b) Mescaline
c) Amphetamines
d) Alcohol
e) Nicotine
25) RECALL
Three major effects sought by users of _____ are increased
alertness, greater self-confidence, and euphoria.
a) Barbituates
b) Stimulants
c) Depressants
d) Opiates
e) Hallucinogens
Show
Zimbardo #13 The Mind Awake and Asleep
Zimbardo #14 The Mind Hidden and Divided
Zimbardo #24, Applying Psych in Life
The Meth Epidemic (PBS)
Also
The Mind, #2, #22, #29, #30