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Chapter 7 Cell to Cell Interactions When a signal molecule arrives at a G protein-linked receptor, the G protein binds with a Ca2+ binds with calmodulin becomes activated binds to the signal molecule becomes deactivated In desmosomes adherin links to _____ of an adjacent cell. cadherins integrins connexons ras proteins plasmodesmata Which pair are examples of second messengers? sodium and potassium ions amino acids and proteins steroids and lipids sugars and starches cAMP and calcium ions The antigen response to many antibodies is called Polyclonal_____________ Chemically gated ion Channels_______ open or close when signal molecules bind to the channel, allowing specific ions to diffuse through the channel. . The signaling molecules that travel the farthest are endocrine synaptic paracrine neurotransmitter intracellular Long lived molecules; affect cells very distant from the releasing cell; hormones paracrine signals synaptic signals direct contact signals endocrine signals Some enzymic receptors and most G protein linked receptors carry the signal molecule’s message into the target cell by utilizing other substances within the cytoplasm commonly called genes antibodies enzymes first messengers second messengers Hybridoma__________ is the name given to a cell formed by the fusion of a plasma cell and a myeloma. Cyclic AMP and calcium ions often behave as second Messengers____________, intracellular substances that ultimately communicate messages from receptors to target proteins. Plasmodesmata encircle cells of a tight junction like a belt connect to intermediate fibers of the cytoskeleton connect the cytoplasm of one plant cell to that of another connect actin fibers of one cell to the extracellular matrix of another Molecules on the cell’s plasma membrane; important in early development; lipids, direct contact signals carbohydrates paracrine signals synaptic signals endocrine signals The class of cell surface receptors that act indirectly on plasma membrane bound enzymes or ion channels are called Gated channels Enzymic receptors G proteins Second messengers Antibodies Intercellular communication over long distance by means of hormones is Endocrine______ signaling. Tight and anchoring Junctions_______ cause cells to adhere tightly to each other. One protein kinase cascade begins with the phosphorylation of the tap protein gat protein sap protein ras protein sat protein The molecules released by neurons; released very close to the target cells; using neurotransmitters endocrine signals paracrine signals direct contact signals synaptic signals The molecules that convert extracellular signals into intracellular ones are neurotransmitters peptide hormones cell surface receptors growth factor proteins genes A pore that opens or closes when a particular ion or molecule binds to its protein are said to be Chemically Gated__. Intracellular___________ receptors are those that can diffuse through the cell membrane and trigger a response inside the cell. Cells used for producing monoclonal antibodies such as interferon are carcinomas myelomas arcomas lymphomas hybridomas Short lived molecules causing local effects; destroyed by extracellular enzymes; important in early development and coordination of activities of neighboring cluster of cells synaptic signals direct contact signals paracrine signals endocrine signals Signal molecules activate intracellular receptors in chromosomes vesicles skin cells target cells surface cells All Monoclonal Antibodies______ obtained from a cluster of immune cells descended from the same cell bind to the same type of molecule. Amplification____________ speeds up intracellular messages and produces a larger response. Cell signals with short-lived local effects are called _______ signals. holocrine microcrine apocrine paracrine none of the above In plants, cell-cell junctions can only occur at gaps in the cell walls through cytoplasmic connections that form across the plasma membranes of the touching cells. desmosomes tight junctions plasmadesmata cellulose matrix adhering junctions Signals with short-lived local effects are called light signals synaptic signals endocrine signals direct contact paracrine signals Communication__________ among cells is a hallmark of multicelluar organisms, an ability the prokaryotes lack. In anchoring junctions, cadherins are linked to The basement membrane The cell membrane The cytoskeleton of two cells The nucleus The endoplasmic reticulum Small molecules or ions can pass from one cell to another through tight junctions communicating junctions diffusion spheres desmosomes adherins junctions Communication between cells can occur by all of the following basic mechanisms except direct contact paracrine signaling endocrine signaling synaptic signaling signaling to digest plasma membrane Located on or within the cell are Receptor_____________ proteins, each of which has a 3-d shape complementary to that of a specific signal molecule. Which is a common second messenger? cGTP cMHC cAMP cATP cRNA In the digestive tract adjacent cells develop connections called desmosomes gap junctions ion gates tight junctions communicating junctions An antibody is an immune system molecule that is made by the host as one of a multitude of responses to an outside signal molecule. It is called a lipid carbohydrate glycolipid protein Cells in a multicellular organism communicate with each other by means of Signal__________ molecules that bind to receptor proteins. ______ junctions may protect a damaged cell through chemical gating. Tight Gap Adherins Occluding Macular Most cells are in physical contact with other cells at all times by forming permanent connections called gated ion channels enzymic receptors cell junctions G protein linked receptors Cell surface markers Cell-cell communication does not allow which of the following actions? Determine an individual cell’s position in the body Adjust the metabolism of an individual cell. Allow the individual cell to grow Allow the cell to live forever Allow the cell to divide at the proper time Endocrine signaling involves the use of Hormones______________.