Download File

Vocab list for Immunity due October 15th(Friday)
Active immunity
Allergy
Anemia
Antibiotic
Antibody
Antigen
Asthma
Auto immune
B cell
Bacteriophage
Carcinogen
Vector
Disease
Virulent
Helper T cell Virus
Immune
Immunity
Infection
Killer T cells
Microorganism
Passive immunity
Pathogen
Tumor
Vaccine
Microorganisms and Disease
A) Comparing Types of Cells
Nucleus
Prokaryotic
NO
Membrane Bound NO, only
Organelles (MBO) ribosomes
DNA
YES, circular w/
no ends &
plasmids
Age
Older, 3.5 BYO
Example
Bacteria, ex E.
coli
Critter?
Prokaryote
vs.
Eukaryotic
YES
YES
YES, linear w/ ends
packed into
chromosomes
Younger, 1.5 BYO
Everything Else
Eukaryote
B) Bacteria
Gram positive Athrax, w/WBC
Two Main Types
Gram-Positive
stain purple
~6 genera are pathogens
Streptococcus,Staphylococcus,Listeria,Clostridium,Bacillus
Gram-Negative
stain red
have extra lipopolysaccharide
memebrane,
90-95% are harmful pathogens
Gram Negative bacteria
C) Viruses: Are they alive?
Bacteriophage Diagram
Means Poison/ Toxin in Latin
Over 5000 varieties described
Most abundant biologic entity
Are transmitted through
vectors
Just like….
T-4 Bacteriophage under a microscope
Comparing Viruses and Cells
Virus
vs.
Cell
Reproduce
Only with a host
Independently
Genetic Code
DNA or RNA
DNA
Grow and Develop
NO
Use Energy
NO
YES( cells ^ in # and
differentiate)
Response to the
Environment
NO
Change over time
YES
YES
YES
YES
D) Diseases caused by Viruses & Microorganisms
Streptococcus
oooooooooooo (long chain of bacteria)
many species included in genera
causes Strep Throat
•infection of the throat and tonsils
•no cold like symptoms
•sore throat, fever, white spots on bright red throat
•Treated with Antibiotics which reduce spreading risk
•can lead to meningitis-infection of the brain and spina
cord linings
•Streptococcus pneumoniae- most common cause of
meningitis
•cause flu-like symptoms --> DEATH
Influenza
•Caused by the Influenza RNA Viruses, Type A and
B
•Strains are constantly changing/ mutating
•Very high mutation rates because they lack
DNA polymerase, which find mistakes by
proofreading
•Prevention by flu vaccine (Active Immunity)
~200,000 people hospitalized 36,000 deaths
per year
•AT RISK: Old & Young, & Immunocompromised
The swine flu outbreak was cause by a new strain
of Type A flu Virus subtype H1N1, which has genes
similar to a common swine version of the flu
The 1918 Spanish flu pandemic that killed lots of people (50 -100 million)
worldwide was also caused by a vary similar strain of the H1N1 flu virusthus the “ OH CRAP” response by the WHO in 2009
HIV
HIV-Human Immunodeficiency Virus
-- Lead to AIDS ( Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome )
-Highest risk to African Americas
-Mecklenburg County has highest NC rate
-Transferred through blood, semen and vaginal
secretions that come into contact with broken
skin and mucus membranes ( wet- thin tissue
found in certain openings such as eyes, nose,
rectum, vagina and penis)
- Virus finds and destroys T-cells
- Death usually comes not from the disease
but instead by something else that takes
advantage of weakened immune system
- Originated in African Chimps
Electron Microscope Picture
of HIV Virus-seen as little
white circle on white blood
cell
HIV Infection Rates
Small Pox
•Unique to humans
•Versions of the disease are caused by Viruses
•Variola major whose name means “pimple”
•Characterized by a rash and raided fluid blisters
•30-35% mortality, ~ 500 million deaths in the 20th Cent
•Completely Eradicated –December 1979- declared
by the WHO (World Health Organization)
-Called Small Pox in reference to the Great Pox
 Syphilis: bacterial STD caused by Treponema
palladium
Janet Parker- DOD 9/11/78 was
the last known person to die from
smallpox- Contracted it from a
medical school, thus all known
stocks were destroyed except for
the CDC’s
Smallpox
localizes in
smaller blood
vessels, around
the head and
extremities
rather then the
torso like
chickenpox
When chicken pox rears its
ugly head again
Progression of a Small Pox Vaccine Scare
Vaccines
•1796 – Edward Jenner
(English Doctor )
-Discovered immunity could be
produced by treating patient with
cowpox, a common ailment of
milkmaids
-Treated a small boy( James Phipps) by inoculation
with cow pox, then injected him with small pox virus no
symptoms. Thus the first vaccine (Vacca-means cow)
-Treatment created a small blister that left a scar
-CDC maintains a stock in case of outbreak
caused by bio-terrorism
-20 diseases are preventable with vaccines
The Immune System
Specific Defense
Non-Specific Defense
Non-Specific Defenses
1st line of Defense –
•SKIN
(Layers of dead cells for protection)
•Mucous lining, sweat, tears, and hair
2nd Line of Defense – Inflammatory
Response
•Blood vessels expand near site, causing swelling
and local temperature increase
•White blood cells move from vessels to infected
tissue
•Fever
•Last ditch universal attempt at killing pathogen
by destroying(denaturing proteins)
Specific Defenses
Immune Responses
Antigen- Anything that triggers an immune
response
ex: Virus, Bacteria, other pathogens
Humoral Immunity
-the secretion of antibodies produced by B
lymphocytes- (B cells)
-protection against antigens preset in body
fluids (saliva, blood, urine, mucous)
Cell Mediated Immunity
-defense against abnormal cells and
pathogens in living tissue ( protection against
ourselves)
-carried out by T lymphocytes ( T cells)
Types of Immune cells
Killer T cells- track down & destroy antigens
Helper T cells- produce memory T-cells
Memory T/B cells- remember specifically how to
identify and defeat a particular antigen
Plasma Cells- create antibodies (immunoglobulinsused to identify and neutralize antigens
Suppressor T cells- used to shut down cell-mediated
response
* Special Note- T-cells must be suppressed after organ
transplants to help prevent rejection
Recognition
of pathogen
Rapid
division of
BLymphocytes
into plasma
cells and
memory Bcells
Plasma cells
release
antibodies
Antibodies
move in
blood stream
and attaches
to the antigen
and
deactivate it
Killer T cells
attack and
destroy
pathogen
Memory B
cells remain
to identify
pathogens if
they returnproviding
immunity
T- Cells
recognize
problem
cells
T- cells
divide
producing
various types
Killer T cells
defend and
attack
dangerous
cells
Memory Tcells are
produced to
provide a
memory
Suppressor T
cells are
used to stop
immune
response
once threat is
eliminated