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Transcript
The Immune System QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. I. Source of Infection • Pathogen - microorganism that causes disease Ex: bacteria, virus, yeast, fungus, protists, parasitic worms, etc. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. SOURCE Direct human contact Objects (vectors) Airborne Water Food Arthropod bites EXAMPLES HOW SPREAD PREVENTION II. Non-Specific Defenses (Innate Immunity) A. Physical Defenses 1. First line of defense = skin, an impermeable barrier that keeps pathogens out QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. II. Non-Specific Defenses 2. Defenses that protect natural body openings: QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. mucus - traps microbes & prevents tissues from drying out saliva - wash surface of teeth; contain lysozymes, enzymes which break down bacteria tears - lubricate surface of eyes & contains lysozyme QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. II. Non-Specific Defenses B. Chemical defenses 1. Stomach acid: destroys many swallowed pathogens QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. 2. Complement: group of blood proteins that attach to pathogens & help destroy them QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. II. Non-Specific Defenses B. Chemical defenses 3. Phagocytes: white blood cells that ingest & destroy pathogens (“pac-man” cells) QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. 4. Interferon: a protein substance that interferes with viral replication QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. II. Non-Specific Defenses 5. Inflammation: damaged cells release histamine, which dilates blood vessels & increases tissue fluid in the injured area (swelling); this attracts phagocytes which release proteins that increase body temperature (fever) in order to inhibit the growth of pathogens & speed up the rate of tissue repair QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. III. Specific Defenses Against Disease • Immunity - resistance to a specific pathogen or substance • Antigen - a substance capable of stimulating a specific immune response - recognized as “foreign” by the body III. Specific Defenses Against Disease • Antibody - a protein produced in response to a particular antigen that will target & destroy only that particular antigen (foreign substance) III. Specific Defenses Against Disease QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. III. Specific Defenses Against Disease • Types of Lymphocytes (White Blood Cells that help defend the body) A. Helper T cells: lymphocytes processed in the thymus that identify the invading antigen & signal the immune system to activate B cells = “guard cells” *type of cell targeted by the HIV virus* III. Specific Defenses Against Disease B. Killer T cells: lymphocytes processed in the thymus that produce powerful chemicals that destroy QuickTime™ and a infected body cells = decompressor are needed to see this picture. “bomber cells” III. Specific Defenses Against Disease C. B Cells: lymphocytes produced in the bone marrow that make antibodies III. Specific Defenses Against Disease D. Memory Cells: cells that are made during an immune response but are kept in storage for a future attack by the same QuickTime™ and a decompressor antigen - these cells are needed to see this picture. contain the “recipe” for making a specific type of antibody Passive vs. Active Immunity Passive Immunity • Develops when antibodies are received (given to you) • Natural: from mother through placenta or breast milk • Artificial: injection of gamma globulins ex: anti-venom (antibodies) • Temporary: lasts for a few weeks • Fast: works almost immediately Passive vs. Active Immunity Active Immunity • Develops when antibodies are made in your own body • Natural: pathogen (germ) exposure • Artificial: vaccine • Long lasting: months - years or permanent • Slow: takes several weeks to develop & may require a booster to form enough memory cells QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. End.