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Transcript
CHAPTER 6: THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS The Lymphatic System Functions and Structures – – – – – Lymph Fluid Lymph Vessels Lymph Nodes The Tonsils The Vermiform Appendix – The Spleen – The Thymus Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures – – – – – – – Lymphadenitis Lymphadenopathy Lymphangiogram Lymphangioma Lymphedema Splenomegaly Splenorrhagia Primary functions of the Lymphatic System are: – Return cellular waste products and excess fluid from the tissues to the circulatory system – Absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system and transport them to the cells – Serve as an important part of the immune system Lymph Fluid/Vessels/Nodes Lymph: – Lymph fluid, also known as interstitial fluid, intercellular, or tissue fluid is a form of plasma that comes out from the capillaries and into the spaces to provide food, oxygen, and hormones to the cells. – Lymph is the remaining or left over that fluid that has not been reabsorbed. It removes cellular waste products, pathogens, and dead blood cells from the surrounding tissues. Lymph Vessels – Lymph capillaries: thin tubes that carry lymph from the tissues to the larger lymph vessels. – Have one-way valves that only allow lymph flow into the thoracic cavity Lymph Nodes: located in the lymph vessels, provide a site for lymphocyte production and removes bacteria, viruses, and malignant cells out of the lymph fluid. – Cervical: neck – Axillary: armpit – Inguinal: groin Tonsils – Form a protective ring around the nose an upper throat Adenoids: located in the nasopharynx Palatine: located in the back of the throat, visible through open mouth Lingual: located at the base of the tongue Vermiform Appendix – Hangs from the lower portion of the cecum on the large intestine – Located in the right lower quadrant – Peyer’s patches are located in the ileum, the last segment of the small intestine and hang from the intestinal walls. The Spleen – Located in the left upper quadrant, just posterior to the stomach – Filters foreign material and microorganisms from the blood – Is hemolytic: removes and destroys worn-out red blood cells – Maintains balance between red blood cells and plasma in the circulation as it stores extra RBC’s – Forms lymphocytes and monocytes (wbc) The Thymus – Located superior to the heart – Plays important role in the endocrine/immune systems thymus appendix spleen WBC monocyte tonsils lymphocyte Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures – of Lymphatic Structures Lymphadenitis: inflammation of lymph nodes Lymphadenopathy: disease process usually involving enlargement of the lymph nodes Lymphangiogram: Radiographic contrast study of the lymph vessels and nodes Lymphangioma: benign mass of lymphatic vessels Lymphedema: improper drainage of lymph vessels or veins resulting in abnormal accumulation of fluid in legs and ankles Splenomegaly: enlargement of the spleen Splenorrhagia: bleeding from the spleen splenectomy lymphadenectomy thymectomy lymphadenitis tonsillectomy Allergy testing The Immune System – functions to protect the body from harmful substances Functions and Structures – The First Line of Defense – The Immune Response – Specialized Cells of the Immune Reactions – Immunity – Immune System Response Factors Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures – Allergic Reactions – Autoimmune Disorders – Immunodeficiency Treatment Procedures – Immunotherapy – Antibody Therapy – Immunosuppression The First Lines of Defense Intact Skin: physical barrier to protect foreign substances from entering the body Respiratory system: filters foreign matter with nose hairs and mucous membranes, expelled by sneezing and coughing Digestive System: destroys invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food Lymphatic System: fights off invaders once they have entered the body The Immune Response – destroys infectious microorganisms that enter the body through antigen-antibody reactions Antigen: virus, bacterium, or toxin that the Antibody: disease-fighting protein created by Immune Reaction: antigen-antibody body regards as foreign – Stimulates immune response the immune system in response to that particular antigen reaction – Forms antigen-antibody complexes – Tags potentially dangerous antigens to be recognized and destroyed Specialized Cells of the Lymphatic System Lymphocytes: WBC that attack specific microorganisms – B Cells: most effective against viruses and bacteria that are circulating in the blood Complement Immunoglobin – T Cells: small circulating lymphocytes that have traveled to the thymus to mature and kill invading organisms on contact Interferon Lymphokines Macrophage: protects the body by ingesting invading cells Phagocyte: ingests and destroy substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens (phagocytosis) Immunity: the state of being resistant or not Response Factors: susceptible to a specific influence the immune disease system’s ability to respond – Natural: passed from mother to child – Health – Acquired: obtained by – Age the development of – Heredity antibodies during – Opportunistic infection: attack of infectious a pathogen that disease normally does not – Artificial: cause disease but is immunization able to cause illness in a weakened host whose resistance in decreased by other disease Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures of the Immune System Allergic Reactions – Cellular Response: localized sensitivity to allergen Itching, hives, erythema – Systemic reaction: anaphylaxis, severe response where symptoms develop quickly and include blockage of air passages, drop in blood pressure – Scratch Test and Antihistamines: identifying and treatment of allergens Autoimmune Disorders: immune system misreads normal antigens and develops antibodies to attack them (Tbl. 6.4) – Crohn’s Dx – Diabetes mellitus, type 1 Immunodeficiency: one or more parts of the immune system are deficient or missing – HIV: blood borne pathogen that invades and then impairs or kills cells of the immune system – AIDS = advanced stages of HIV Scratch Test Treatment Procedures of the Immune System – Immunotherapy: can be used in the treatment of cancers by triggering the immune response to fight the malignancy. – Antibody Therapy: post exposure preventative measure – Immunosuppressant: treatment used to interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens Pathogenic Organisms Bacteria Fungus, Yeast, and Parasites Viruses – Viral Infections: Chicken Pox Herpes Zoster Infectious Mononucleosis Measles Mumps Rabies Rubella Oncology Study of prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer Terms Related to Oncology: – Tumor: neoplasm, new and abnormal tissue formation (angiogenesis) – Benign: not recurring, nonmalignant, with a favorable chance of recovery (myoma) – Malignant: harmful, tending to spread, becoming progressively worse, and lifethreatening – Carcinoma in situ: malignant tumor still in it’s original position, has not metastasized (spread from one place to another)