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Chapter 21: The Immune System Hans Buchner – German bacteriologist who in the 1880s proposed that anti-bacterial proteins existed in blood…. start of the modern understanding of immunity Figure 21.1: Overview of innate and adaptive defenses, p. 789. Surface barriers • Skin • Mucous membranes Innate defenses Internal defenses • Phagocytes • Fever • NK cells • Antimicrobial proteins • Inflammation (a) Humoral immunity • B cells Adaptive defenses Cellular immunity • T cells (b) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 21.2: Phagocytosis, p. 791. 1 Microbe adheres to phagocyte. 2 Phagocyte forms pseudopods that eventually engulf the particle. Innate defenses Internal defenses Lysosome Phagocytic vesicle containing antigen (phagosome). 3 Phagocytic vesicle is fused with a lysosome. Phagolysosome Acid hydrolase enzymes 4 Microbe in fused vesicle is killed and digested by lysosomal enzymes within the phagolysosome, leaving a residual body. Residual body 5 Indigestible and residual material is removed by exocytosis. (a) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn (b) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 21.4: Phagocyte mobilization, p. 794. Innate defenses Internal defenses Inflammatory chemicals diffusing from the inflamed site act as chemotactic agents 4 Positive chemotaxis 1 Neutrophils enter blood 3 Diapedesis from bone marrow 2 Margination Capillary wall Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Endothelium Basement membrane Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 21.12: Types of acquired immunity, p. 806. Acquired immunity Naturally acquired Artificially acquired Active Passive Active Passive Infection; contact with pathogen Antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta; or to infant in her milk Vaccine; dead or attenuated pathogens Injection of immune serum (gamma globulin) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 21.14: Mechanisms of antibody action, p. 809. Adaptive defenses Humoral immunity Antigen Antigen-antibody complex Inactivates by Neutralization (masks dangerous parts of bacterial exotoxins; viruses) Agglutination (cell-bound antigens) Antibody Fixes and activates Precipitation (soluble antigens) Enhances Phagocytosis Complement Enhances Leads to Inflammation Cell lysis Nucleus Chemotaxis Histamine release Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. The Immune Response in the body occurs in two ways: Nonspecific Immunity Specific Immunity